Pakistan Social Sciences Review

An Empirical Analysis of Savings and Investment Determinants in Pakistan: A Simultaneous Equation Modeling Approach

2025-04-07T12:33:00+05:00

This study investigates the determinants of savings and investment in Pakistan from 1999 to 2023 using a simultaneous equation modeling approach. Using Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS), the analysis identifies significant factors influencing both savings and investment. For investment, foreign direct investment (FDI) emerges as the most significant determinant, exhibiting a strong positive effect, followed by GDP growth, which fosters a conducive environment for capital formation. In contrast, interest costs of borrowing are a negative driver for investment; hence borrowing cost needs to be regulated. Public debt has an almost insignificant positive effect and savings have a nil direct impact on investment. Remittances have a strong influence on the saving level as savings have a strongly positive impact; however investment and inflation negatively impact GDP growth has an insignificant relationship with savings. The models achieve quite strong explanatory power, with the R-squared values obtained for investment being 58.8% and 75.97% for savings, and pass key diagnostic tests for homoscedasticity and absence of serial correlation. Findings underscore the critical role of FDI in inducing investment and remittances in saving. Policymakers are advised to focus more on attracting FDI; maintaining economic growth; and mitigating the inflationary pressures to bolster Pakistan's savings and investment landscape.

Analysing the Effect of Green Intellectual Capital On Environmental Growth: The Mediating Role of Green Training and Improvement

2025-04-08T15:43:48+05:00

This study examines the effect of GIC on environmental growth, with a particular focus on the mediating role of green training and improvement. By integrating intellectual capital theory and environmental management practices, the research explores how organizations leverage green knowledge, skills, and innovation to enhance sustainable development. Data was collected from 150 HR professionals, and Smart PLS software was used for data analysis. The findings confirm 12 key hypotheses, highlighting the positive impact of GIC on environmental growth through green training initiatives. The results further indicate that fostering green knowledge and skills significantly enhances an organization's environmental performance. This study underscores the importance of structured green training programs in bridging the gap between intellectual capital and sustainability. It's recommended that companies adopt a holistic and integrated approach to sustainability using simultaneously investing in green intellectual capital (GIC) and robust green training and development (GTD) packages.

Impact of Ambidextrous Leadership Style on Project Success: understanding the role of Innovative Work Behaviour and Workforce Agility in the Software Industry

2025-04-13T15:12:48+05:00

The purpose of our research is to examine the impact of ambidextrous leadership on project success through the mediating role of innovative work behaviour and workforce agility. During the last three decade, the significance of technology oriented projects has increased, particularly in the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, research on the antecedents of software projects has emerged as an interesting area for scholars. Data were collected from 324 software industry professionals in Pakistan using a purposive sampling technique to accomplish this purpose. The obtained data were analysed through SPSS. The findings show that ambidextrous leadership is positively associated with project success, while innovative work behaviour and workforce agility fully mediate this association. This research examined a new model to examine the effect of ambidextrous leadership on project success. Our research adds to the prevailing project management literature by empirically examining the intervening constructs (innovative work behaviour and workforce agility) between ambidextrous leadership and project success in the software industry. This research also provided an important recommendation at the end of the study.

Translation and Validation of Parent as Social Context Questionnaire

2025-04-14T14:05:45+05:00

The primary aim of this study was to assess the validity of the Urdu-translated version of the Parents as Social Context Questionnaire (PASCQ) for both mothers and fathers forms in a Pakistani adolescent population. The scale measures six dimensions of parenting, which are classified into supportive dimensions (i.e., affection, consistency, and encouragement of independence) and unsupportive dimensions (i.e., disapproval, disorganization, and pressure). The Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted using AMOS-21 with respect to the factorial validity and model fit. It was found that the fit indices for the original models were inadequate, however, after removing the poor loading items and adding logically possible error covariances, the model fit significantly improved. Overall, the final models produced acceptable fit indices (CFI and IFI > .90, RMSEA < .08) and retained the multidimensional structure of the scale. These findings offer robust psychometric support for the application of the PASCQ in the context of Pakistani adolescents. The validated adaptation of the questionnaire is a welcome addition to the field with implications for future research involving parent–adolescent relationships and implementing interventions sensitive to the context of the family. Limitations include adolescent-specific population. The future recommendations incorporates obtaining sample from various demographics and investigating the stability of the construct over time.

A Linguistic Analysis of Code-Switching in Pakistani Billboard Advertisements

2025-04-15T07:46:37+05:00

The aim of this study is to analyze the sociolinguistic concept of code-switching in Pakistani billboard advertisements. The textual messages in billboard ads are usually drafted very carefully but sometimes there are messages which are used without considering the nature of the ad. The focus of the study is to identify the dominant language in billboards and the linguistic categories which are most commonly employed for code-switching. Forty-one billboards are examined out of which 20 are identified for code-switching and are further scrutinized for linguistic analysis. The qualitative method is used, and a descriptive approach is adopted for the textual analysis of billboard advertisements. The findings of the study indicate the dominance and prevalence of the English language over the Urdu language in billboard advertisements. In almost half of the billboards, advertisers used code-switching, and the English language is embedded in the Urdu language to make slogans interesting and appealing. Researchers are recommended to analyze the impact of such code switching advertising media on youth and on their daily linguistic practices.

Impact of Loneliness on Nomophobia among University Students: Mediating Role of Online Social Interaction and Moderating Role of Social Support

2025-04-17T11:40:49+05:00

This study explored the relationship between loneliness and nomophobia among university students, investigating the mediating role of online social interaction (OSI) and the moderating role of social support. A sample of 300 participants was surveyed, and the results indicated a significant positive correlation between loneliness and nomophobia (r = .65, p < .001), suggesting that greater loneliness leads to higher levels of nomophobia. OSI was found to mediate this relationship (B = .29, p < .001), while social support moderated it (B = .18, p < .05), buffering the negative impact of loneliness on nomophobia. These findings emphasize that loneliness can intensify nomophobia through increased online social interaction, and that social support plays a key role in mitigating this effect. Based on these results, the recommendations included that interventions aimed at reducing nomophobia should focus on alleviating loneliness and enhancing social support networks among university students.

Iran’s Nuclear Ambitions: A Potential Threat to Israel

2025-04-17T11:43:38+05:00

This article examines non-conventional threats to Israel’s security. The objective of this paper is to analyze how Iranian nuclear ambitions are threat to Israel’s sovereignty. In the 1950s, US provided nuclear reactor to Iran under the “Atoms for peace program” initiative. The nuclear ambition of Iran rises security concerns for Israel as the Iran has not good relations with Israel in the past. The Islamic Republic has ideological perspective related to Israel regardless of its political affiliation, Iranian leadership views Israel as a cornerstone of American hegemony. Although, Iran is not known as to possesses nuclear weapons but it the capability and ability to build nuclear weapons. For Israelis it would decrease their regional influence and limit Israel not to direct attack on Iranian proxies like Hamas, Hezbollah and Houthis in the region. This research is based on qualitative data extracted from books, journal articles, websites and state officials’ opinions. Consequently, hostility between two middle eastern countries have considerably increased as the result of Iranian nuclear ambitions and perhaps the development of nuclear program. Particularly, Iran's pursuit of a nuclear program and possibly the development of nuclear weapons has raised tensions between the two nations. Deterrence combined with the preparedness and conventional military methods of the Israel Defense Forces. A direct bilateral resolution is improbable given the current tensions and mistrust between Israel and Iran. A multilateral strategy combining global stakeholders (such as the U.S., EU, Russia, and China) and regional powers (such as Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Egypt) may instead offer an impartial forum to start a dialogue. The objective would be the establishment of a Middle East Nuclear Weapons-Free Zone (MENWFZ), a concept that has been put out in international forum but has never been implemented.

Critique of Class Distinction and Resistance: A Study of Guy de Maupassant’s The Necklace

2025-04-18T21:31:39+05:00

The study aims to investigate class distinction in Maupassant’s The Necklace from the perspective of Marxism. Marx and Engels highlight that in capitalism, due to minimum state’s interference in the economic affairs, wealth concentrates in the few hands, resulting the sharp division of society into two classes: the rich and the poor. The former exploits the resources of the latter. All means of production and subsistence are in the hands of the few and majority just depends on them. This extreme disparity results in class conflicts. The Necklace also reveals the unequal distribution of wealth, and disparity between the two classes. It reflects class distinctions and resists the ideology of dominant class. The research uses qualitative research and textual analysis to highlight the aspects of class differences and resistance in the story. The topic under study has been broached for the first time, thus recommending a new vista for further research.

Romanticizing the Primitive Cultures and Anti-colonial Vision in D. H. Lawrence’s Post-war Fiction

2025-04-18T21:34:16+05:00

This paper aims to explore Lawrence’s preference for primitive cultures and his anti-colonial vision in his post-war fiction. His pre-war novels express his love for England. However, the onset of the First World War resulted in his disillusionment for European culture. In revulsion, he sought withdrawal from Europe and started idealizing the primitive modes of life. Thus, celebration of primitive societies is evident in his post-war novels. This discontent with deteriorating European civilization and glorification of foreign primitive cultures also led him to a decolonizing vision. Consequently, his post-War fiction presents a critique of colonialism and imperialism. This study has employed qualitative method, and textual analysis technique in order to trace celebration of Primitive Cultures and anti-colonial vision in Lawrence’s Post-war Fiction. Postcolonial theory has provided the basic framework for this study. They analysis proves that in Lawrence’s later novels his predilection for primitive societies is accompanied by his anti-colonial vision. Future researchers can attempt an in-depth analysis of Lawrence’s post-colonial and anarchist vision.

Environmental Justice Interventions and Poverty Alleviation in Climate-Vulnerable Regions: Evidence from South Asia

2025-04-23T10:46:11+05:00

This study explores how environmental justice interventions impact rural poverty reduction in seven South Asian countries from 1999 to 2023, focusing on gender and pro-poor linkages. Rural poverty in South Asia is exacerbated by structural inequalities, climate change, and limited access to resources. Environmental justice, including clean energy, sustainable water management, and agricultural innovations, is a critical pathway to poverty alleviation, yet its mechanisms remain understudied. Using panel data from World Governance Indicators (WGI) and World Development Indicators (WDI), the study employed advanced econometric techniques such as fixed effects and fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) models to analyze causal relationships among key variables. Access to electricity emerged as the most significant driver of poverty reduction. GDP per capita strongly correlated with poverty alleviation, while climate impacts on agriculture and healthcare expenditure showed nuanced, context-dependent effects. Policymakers should integrate equitable resource distribution, sustainable development, and climate resilience into coordinated frameworks aligned with global sustainability goals. Micro-level and longitudinal studies are suggested for future research.

A Critical Review of Educational Research Methodologies: Approaches, Applications, and Implications

2025-04-23T10:50:13+05:00

This paper presents a comprehensive critique of educational research methodologies and methods, highlighting their philosophical foundations, practical applications, strengths, and limitations. It systematically examines the three major research paradigms—qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods used in context of education. The paper explores the interpretive and critical approaches in qualitative research, experimental and observational techniques in quantitative studies, and various mixed methods designs such as concurrent triangulation and sequential approaches. Through critical evaluation, the study emphasizes the importance of aligning research questions with appropriate methodologies and discusses the ethical and epistemological considerations vital to educational research. The discussion also highlights the necessity of methodological literacy and ethical rigor for researchers, advocating for deliberate, well-informed design choices that enhance the credibility and applicability of educational research. Ultimately, the paper offers a balanced perspective on methodological pluralism and encourages thoughtful integration of diverse methods to address complex educational questions.

The Global Rivalry in Syria and the Security Dilemma in the Middle East

2025-04-23T10:52:33+05:00

This research examines the impact of significant global actors on the conflict's progress, emphasizing the roles of pivotal countries like Iran, Turkey, the United States, and Russia, including regional non-state actors in shaping Syria's path to instability, through research analysis of the complex elements and history of international competition in the Levant, highlighting how outside engagement has progressively transformed and extended Syria via an assessment of projection and diplomatic efforts. Due to its strategic position, rich resources, and cultural importance, Syria has drawn foreign involvement for centuries. It also evaluates the continuous influence of foreign powers on Syria’s political situation. Simultaneously, China's economic efforts pose difficulties for U.S. interests. Using a qualitative method, the study explores the reasons, tactics, and results of foreign involvement in Syria from the perspective of offensive realism. The results demonstrate how these interventions have altered regional power dynamics and intensified the ongoing crisis, particularly following the downfall of Assad’s regime. The research concludes by examining the effects of global rivalry on the region, as well as potential routes to lasting peace in Syria and why the arena will remain open for the influential players.

Parenting Dynamics and Adolescent Outcomes: Investigating the Role of Demographic Differences

2025-04-25T11:41:24+05:00

The present study was intended to investigate demographic differences in parenting contexts as well as basic psychological needs and behavioral outcomes for adolescents. The research was based on the assumption propounded by Self-determining Theory. That is, gender, family system, mother's occupation and monthly income relate to the perception of adolescents about parenting, the need satisfaction of adolescents and the behavioral indicators. A total of 300 adolescents, aged between 13 and 17 years, were selected as sample units through stratified sampling technique. Data were taken from Parents as Social Context Questionnaire, Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction Scale and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Data were analyzed within the framework of cross-sectional, comparative research design. The findings showed that differences in mean across demographic groups were significantly different such that nuclear family adolescents were more positively influenced by parental involvement as compared to adolescents from one-parent families, as well as adolescents from high-income households, and mothers are working showed higher psychological need satisfaction and lesser behavioral difficulties. Recommendations incorporate that interventions are culturally specific parenting interventions and policies promoting economic stability and awareness among parents. Longitudinal studies should also look at the future basis of causality direction for interpretation enhancement.

Impact of Perceived Social Support and Psychological Resilience on Psychological Well-being among university students

2025-04-25T12:07:05+05:00

The current study was directed towards the investigation about how perceived social support affects along with cognitive resilience on psychological well-being among the university students. For the purpose of data collection, a sample of university students was used for a quantitative correlational research design with standardized scales, namely the MSPSS, BRS, and Ryff's Psychological Well-being Scale. The collected data showed the presence of significant positive correlations among variables. Moreover, regression analysis revealed that both perceived social support and psychological resilience could serve as significant predictors for psychological well-being. Thus, th3 recommendations incorporates reaffirming the role of both internal coping capacity and external relational resources in improving student mental and emotional well-being contexts.

Pragmatics and Artificial Intelligence Conversational Systems: Enhancing Semantic Understanding in Pakistani Language Documentation

2025-04-28T00:37:57+05:00

The present study aims to analyze that how pragmatics and artificial intelligence conversational systems is enhancing semantic understanding in Pakistani language documentation. The study utilizes content analysis approach and the population of the study was the Pakistani newspapers. A sample of thirty newspapers was selected to find that how pragmatics and artificial intelligence conversational systems is enhancing semantic understanding in Pakistani language documentation. The collected data was analyzed by using content analysis approach and later the analyzed data was presented in the tables. The findings of the research divulged some examples that are increasing semantic understanding in Urdu and Punjabi language documentation semantically with Artificial Intelligence (AI). In the end on the base of these findings the researchers presented some recommendations for the future scholars and researchers.

Push and Pull Factors Driving International Migration: Insights from Pakistan

2025-04-28T00:41:16+05:00

This paper makes an effort to review Pakistani International Marxism from both a positive and a bad perspective. Economic challenges, a lack of employment possibilities, and inadequate governance are the primary reasons why people leave Pakistan; on the other hand, the three main ones that pull them to remain are the possibility of better employment elsewhere, stable governance, along with elevated standards of living. Using additional information from the authority’s publications, scholarly research, and internet sources, the analysis completes a previously undocumented economic aspect of migration. It highlights the dual character of movement: on the one hand, money from overseas are essential to Pakistan's financial system, but there are also significant issues with brain drain and employment incompatibilities. In order to give students a better knowledge of the dynamics of the migration of people, the study used qualitative approaches to identify some patterns and characteristics of the migration process. The report ends with actionable suggestions intended to reduce the strain on compelled migration, instill fresh optimism in the domestic setting, and engage foreigners in Pakistan's projects for development. Policymakers can create tactics that will transform migration from an indicator of a systemic breakdown to a tool of economic sustainability by understanding the true causes of displacement. In an effort to add to the growing corpus of research on Pakistani migration patterns, this report provides a broad assessment for the future administration of its difficulties as well as possibilities.

The Law and Corporate Environmental Responsibility: An Analysis of Pakistani Listed Oil Refineries

2025-04-29T00:19:37+05:00

This study investigates the extent, reasons for, and consequences of environmental laws, rules, and regulations on corporate environmental abuses. The study limits its scope to the oil refineries listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange. In light of state regulations and accountability through litigation, the effectiveness of the law on corporate environmental responsibility is explored. Environment means Air, water, land, buildings, structures, roads, all social and economic conditions affecting community life etc. Its importance was recognized post industrialization, when the world became a global village. Where the globalization leads to the development, it also badly damages the environment. And now environmental protection has become a sensitive global issue. There are number of endogenous and exogenous factors that effects the environment Apart from these only the state regulations and the rule of law is considered in this study. To explain the relationship and significance of the law on corporate environmental responsibility, a regression analysis based on panel data is applied. The explanatory variables include the rule of law, state regulations, and corporate accountability through litigation. The results depict a contrary relationship. The rule of law is positively associated, whereas state regulations and accountability through litigation have an inverse relationship with corporate environmental responsibility. Litigation is found to be insignificant and shows a 53% deviation from the mean value. This indicates that the judicial system of Pakistan is not very effective; however, improvements in the rule of law can encourage oil companies to ensure their environmental responsibilities. There is a need of one law that deals with all the constituents of environment. The implementation of environmental regulations must be ensured by the state or government agencies, and the law should prevail and rules shall be applied irrelevant to the status and position of the wrongdoer.

E-HRM Practices and Employee Outcomes: Mediating Role Of Employer Branding

2025-05-09T15:05:55+05:00

The motive of this research is to investigate statistically the mediating role of employer branding between e-HRM practices and employees’ behavior, e.g., affective commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, and turnover intention. The statistical data for this research study were collected from the three larger banks in Pakistan. These three banks were selected based on profitability. The data was examined through different statistical techniques such as cross tabulation, descriptive statistics, correlations, and hierarchical linear modeling for data analysis and hypothesis testing. The results found full support for mediation. E-HRM practices are positively connected with employer branding, and employer branding is found as positively related with OCB, affective commitment, and negatively related with turnover intention. Resultantly, the result of the hierarchical linear modeling supports the hypothesis with significant signs of a mediating relationship. The results reveal that employees’ perception of employer branding at the workplace is highly dependent on the way he is being treated by their immediate supervisor, and this perception leads them to show various positive behaviors at the job. This research also provides important recommendations at the end of this study.

Demographic Differences in Mental Health Literacy, Mental Health Status, Perceived Stress, Social Support, and Psychological Well-Being Among University Students in Pakistan

2025-05-09T23:37:51+05:00

The present study investigated demographic differences in mental health literacy, perceived stress, anxiety and depression, social support, and psychological well-being among university students in Pakistan. A purposive sampling technique was utilized to collect a sample of 1,664 Pakistani university students from different provinces. Standardized scales used for the measurement of key variables were included as follows: Mental Health Literacy Scale (MHLS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and Ryff's Psychological Well-Being Scale. Statistical analysis showed significant differences by gender, age groups, family systems, and provinces. It was observed that female students had higher stress and psychological distress levels compared to married students, who had a greater perception of social support and psychological well-being. Older students were better at mental health literacy; moreover, there were significant differences between provinces, with metropolis areas being more aware. Recommendations incorporated the need for targeted mental health awareness campaigns and support programs tailored to specific demographic groups within university populations.

Core Issues of the University of Balochistan: A Way Forward

2025-05-11T19:39:35+05:00

The University of Balochistan (UoB) is a foundational educational institution in Balochistan, offering a diverse range of academic disciplines. Despite its expansion to encompass multiple faculties, departments, and campuses, it grapples with a myriad of challenges. Misgovernance, financial crises, political interference, security concerns, and administrative inefficiencies have plagued the Institution, often resulting in disruptions to academic activities. This study aims to investigate the core issues of the UoB which hinder its smooth functioning, and provides doable policy solutions. This research, while employing a mixed-method approach combining literature review, structured questionnaire surveys, qualitative interviews, and thematic analysis, argues that there is a need of enhanced safety measures and infrastructural development in the institute, need of legislative changes in the Balochistan Universities Act of 2022, urgency of increased funding with transparent financial practices and requirement of administrative reforms to promote merit-based practices are highly significant to run the University at par with other national universities.

Mercenary Groups in Modern Warfare: The Wagner Group, Ethical and Legal Enigmas in Ukraine and Africa

2025-05-12T09:10:25+05:00

Mercenary organizations have become part and parcel of contemporary wars system. This paper elucidates the subject of the Wagner Group, being the Russian private military company which now plays an essential part in the armed conflict in Ukraine and Africa in the framework of hybrid warfare. The work also discusses how the Wagner Group works in the legal spectrum of admissibility, undermines state authority, and contributes to deterioration of the human rights situation. The coming article looks at its activities throughout the gross Ukraine’s conflict as well as during its operation in the resource-rich, violent African states in order to establish the geopolitical, legal, and ethical implications of privatized warfare. Therefore, the research recommends that there should be other International Legal Mechanisms that should be developed in order to regulate the PMCs and punt checks on their misconducts. Finally, this qualitative research illustrates the general consequences of such groups for international security, properly functioning political systems, and the system of international law in outlining suggestions of how to minimize the damaging impacts of such groups.

Assessing English Learners' Attitude towards the use of Synonyms in Communication: A Study Conducted at BS Level

2025-05-12T15:27:27+05:00

This study aims to explore the attitudes of BS-level English language learners toward the use of synonyms in communication and identify the challenges they face, along with the factors that shape their perceptions and usage. Synonyms are integral to language proficiency, allowing for nuanced expression, clarity, and vocabulary expansion. However, many learners struggle to use synonyms accurately due to context-specific meanings and subtle connotational differences. Understanding students’ attitudes is essential for effective teaching strategies and improved communication skills. A mixed-methods research design was employed, involving both quantitative (structured surveys) and qualitative (semi-structured interviews and focus groups) data collection. Participants were purposively selected from BS-level English language programs. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and thematic coding. Preliminary findings suggest that while learners recognize the importance of synonyms, many encounter difficulties in their practical application due to limited vocabulary, contextual confusion, and instructional gaps. Positive attitudes were associated with higher synonym usage and language confidence, influenced significantly by prior exposure and teaching methods. Incorporating context-based vocabulary tasks, corpus-driven tools, and inductive learning approaches can enhance learners’ synonym usage. Teachers should provide rich linguistic input and foster a supportive classroom environment to promote confident and accurate use of synonyms in both spoken and written discourse.

The Impact of Green Human Resources Management to Enhance Pro-Environmental Behaviour among Organizational Employees

2025-05-14T14:28:39+05:00

This study aims to measure the impact of green HRM on Employee pro-environmental behavior and the mediating role of employee green commitment. The data were collected from Pakistan's manufacturing industry through an online and self-administered questionnaire. Quantitative methods were used to collect data from respondents. Online and self-administered questionnaires were used to collect the data conveniently. A total of 303 responses were used for final data analysis. Process-Hayes was to measure the mediation role of employees, green commitment between green HRM, and employee pro-environmental behavior. SPSS was utilized to analyze the hypothesized model and found full support for the hypotheses of current study. Study results show green HRM significantly influences the employee’s pro-environmental behavior. Further, employee green commitment significantly mediates the relationship between green HRM and employee pro-environmental behavior. This study adds value to literature of green HRM and employee pro-environmental behavior. Practically, this study highlights the importance of green HRM for companies and suggests that firms should employ green practices to motivate their employees pro-environmentally.

The Role of Motivation in Second Language Learning: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies

2025-05-17T11:20:27+05:00

Motivation plays a very important role in acquiring second language influencing how learner’s feel about the process, how persistent they are and how far they have been successful. This systematic review examines the previous studies from the last four years which focuses on methodologies, trends, and finding reports and determine how the motivation plays role in acquiring second languagelearning. A comprehensive search of peer-reviewed articles was conducted with the use of academic databases in accordance with the principles of PRISMA to make sure the result is clear and reliable. Fifteen studies that were published between 2020 and 2024 were selected for the inclusion in this review based upon their empirical design, relevance to various types of learners and educational settings. The findings of this research reveals that motivation has a very significant impact on the L2 learning outcomes, mainly in terms of increasing communicative competence and promoting learning autonomy along with contextual and cultural factors. This research emphasizes the need for the future research to explore the novel ways of maintaining the motivation in diverse, digitally mediated L2 context. By synthesizing the existing evidence, this study contributes to both the theoretical and the understanding of motivation in the acquisition of the second language, providing the implication for researchers, educators and policymakers seeking to enhance the L2 learning outcomes. Future researches can be done on motivation of different genders, migrants/refugees in crisis, peer/parental influence and isolated languages.

Barriers in the Formalization of Land Records in Erstwhile FATA, Pakistan

2025-05-18T23:54:38+05:00

The formalization of land records in Pakistan’s former Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), now integrated into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan, has faced resistance and systemic barriers. This qualitative case study aims to explore issues and challenges in land reforms in District Kurram, using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with tribal elders, local residents, judicial officers, police officers, public prosecutors and lawyers. Thematic analysis identified key challenges, including a lack of historical land records, disputes over collective land ownership, reliance on traditional dispute resolution (Jirga), and widespread mistrust of formal institutions. Women’s systematic exclusion from inheritance rights and share in land further complicates the process. The association of shared land with shared identify of the clan is another barrier in the way of land reforms. The study recommend community engagement initiatives and policies that integrate local customs with formal legal frameworks to achieve equitable land governance in post-merger FATA.

Barriers to Sustainable Development: Examining Pakistan’s Economic Taboos and SDG Challenges

2025-05-20T11:03:43+05:00

This paper explores economic taboos, which are impeding the prospects of Pakistan to seeing through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Using primary and secondary data, the study identifies cultural, institutional, and policy related economic prohibitions which limit inclusive development, financial disclosure, gender economic participation, and just distribution of resource. Thirty-three face-to-face interviews were undertaken with policy makers, economists and development practitioners. Thematic and content analyses of the qualitative data identified emerging themes including many who are unwilling to discuss regulation of informal economy and tax evasion and gendered economic roles as well as opposition to fiscal reforms. Secondary data collected from government reports and international development organizations also supported these findings. The report illustrates how these economic taboos — distorted by social and political sensitivities and by institutional inaction —become the systemic obstacles to an effective SDG application. This study recommends policy discourse reforms, public awareness and institution-building to undo these taboos and to ensure sustainable economic development of Pakistan.

The Analysis of Factors Influencing Female Labor Force Participation in Pakistan (2000-2020)

2025-05-20T21:47:16+05:00

This study aims to explore the mechanisms by which cultural, educational, and political factors affect female labor force participation in Pakistan from a historical perspective between 2000 and 2020. In the process of globalization, the limitations of traditional religious culture on women's professional autonomy, regional differences in education policy empowerment, and the effectiveness of gender equality legislation constitute key variables that constrain women's employment. The study adopts historical analysis and qualitative research methods, and finds that firstly, patriarchal culture continues to influence female labor force choices through occupational gender segregation and family decision-making mechanisms; Secondly, education investment enables urban middle-class women to obtain modern employment opportunities, but the lack of basic education in rural areas leads to a gap in human capital accumulation; Thirdly, although gender equality laws are promoted at the political level, there is a significant regional imbalance between policy implementation and legal protection. Suggest building a three-dimensional intervention system: promoting a family economic accounting model at the cultural level and quantifying the income increasing effect of female labor force participation; Establish a vocational skills certification system using blockchain technology in the education sector, and implement a linkage mechanism between provincial education funding and female employment rate; At the regional development level, a cross-border e-commerce talent cultivation center will be established based on the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, and a women's employment compensation fund will be set up to balance infrastructure differences. The study also provides an interdisciplinary analytical framework for gender equality policy formulation in South Asian countries.

Impact of Teachers' Speaking Fluency and Grammar Translation Method on Speaking Skills of ESL Learners: A Study Conducted at BS Level

2025-05-22T17:28:48+05:00

This study investigates the impact of teachers’ speaking fluency and the Grammar Translation Method (GTM) on the speaking skills of ESL learners at the BS level in Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan. Speaking fluency is essential for ESL learners in higher education. While GTM emphasizes grammar and translation, it often overlooks oral communication. Teachers’ fluency can positively influence students’ pronunciation, confidence, and speaking competence. A quantitative research design was used. Data were collected through a structured Likert-scale questionnaire from 300 ESL teachers and students. Descriptive statistics, Q-Q plots, and SPSS were used for data analysis. Findings showed a strong positive correlation between teachers’ fluency and students’ speaking proficiency. GTM, although effective for grammar, failed to develop interactive speaking skills adequately. A hybrid instructional model combining GTM with communicative and fluency-driven techniques is recommended. Teacher training should emphasize speaking fluency, and ESL curricula should incorporate more interactive speaking activities to improve students’ oral proficiency in higher education contexts.

US Role in Yemen Conflict: Implications for Regional Stability and Global Leadership

2025-05-24T14:32:57+05:00

The United States’ role in the Yemen conflict has a significant impact on the Middle Eastern region as well as on the world. The Yemen conflict has emerged as a proxy war between regional powers, with the US supporting Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to counterbalance the influence of Iranian backed Ansarullah (Houthis) in Yemen. This study explores the role of US in Yemen conflict and how its military and political involvement has implications for regional stability and US’s global leadership. This research applies qualitative research method, examining various research papers, newspapers, books, and policy reports. The US involvement in Yemen conflict is interpreted with the help of two basic theories, Realism and the Hegemonic Stability Theory. The key findings of this paper show that the US policies towards Yemen crisis have intensified regional rivalries and have exacerbated humanitarian crisis, making region more unstable. Moreover, the challenge of US to secure global trade through Red Sea and the rise of emerging global powers in the Middle East signal a threat to US global role as a sole hegemon. The study concludes that a re-evaluation of U.S. policy is crucial for ensuring long-term regional stability and to maintain its global hegemonic position.

The Impact of Historical and Cultural Legacies on Political Intolerance in Pakistan: A Critical Analysis

2025-05-27T09:45:16+05:00

This study intends to evaluate the historical context of political intolerance in Pakistan and its dimensions, realizing the fact that historical, cultural, social, religious, and institutional elements have strong impact on political intolerance in Pakistan. In Pakistan political intolerance is a confounding idiosyncrasy impacted by differing rudiments, together with certifiable events, financial conditions, and institutional elements. This study is Qualitative in nature. Moreover, the result indicate that historical and cultural roots of intolerance have negatively shaped Pakistani society into extremism, violence, aggression, divergence which is very harmful for Pakistan’s peaceful political discourse and instability. These finding strongly sported the claim that political intolerance throughout the history damage whole nation. Finally these finding also have some important policy implementation, suggestions and recommendations that with the passage of time open mindfulness crusades that bring out the worth of flexibility and deem in lawmaking issue can add to shifting cultural values and assumptions. Accomplishment of policy against scorn discussion, violence, and frightening can leave regard as a barrier and estimate people accountable for intolerant behaviour. Political intolerance may demonstrate diversely in diverse social and political condition, therefore it is very important to point out these things. Open mindfulness crusades that bring out the worth of flexibility and deem in lawmaking issue can add to shifting cultural values and assumptions. Accomplishment of policy against scorn discussion, violence, and frightening can leave regard as a barrier and estimate people accountable for intolerant behaviour. Political intolerance may demonstrate diversely in diverse social and political condition, therefore it is very important to point out these things.

Maternal Stress and Resilience: The Role of Social Support in Single Mothers

2025-05-27T11:12:48+05:00

This study investigated how social support impacts maternal stress and resilience among single mothers. Single mothers experience a high level of stress due to the dual burden of parenting and economic contribution. The role of social support is important in reducing stress and increasing resilience among single mothers. The data consists of two groups, an equal participants in each group. Data was recruited through purposive and snowball sampling, using standardized measuring scales, the Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and the Brief Resilience Coping Scale (BRCS). Regression analysis revealed that social support is a predictor of both maternal stress and resilience. Furthermore, widowed mothers reported higher scores on perceived social support and resilience compared to divorced mothers. Therefore, improving and enhancing access to the social support network for single mothers is recommended, which will help them adopt better parenting practices and contribute to a healthy family environment.

The Evolution of Language through Memes: A Multimodal Critical Discourse Study of Pakistani Dramas

2025-05-27T11:18:05+05:00

This study aims to present an analysis of the memes on Pakistani dramas, highlighting the interplay of language and the transitions from intense to more subdued situations, ultimately resulting in playful humor. It explores how meme creators can alter a scene or situation by exaggerating small details. The study also examines how linguistic variation in memes can dramatically alter the original meaning of a scene. Five memes created from popular Pakistani drama scenes are analyzed, where the original dialogues are replaced, transforming serious or emotional moments into humorous ones. The study employs Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis (MCDA) as proposed by Kress (2009) to investigate these transformations. Findings suggest that language plays a critical role in reshaping viewer perceptions, demonstrating how meme culture can subvert original media narratives and elicit different emotional responses. The study would be done at broader level to investigate how memes that mix languages (e.g., Urdu-English code-switching) influence comprehension, humor, and audience engagement.

Lead Bold, Creative Fearless: The Paradoxical Leaders Path to Creative Performance: The intervening role of Psychological Safety

2025-05-29T22:27:19+05:00

This study examines the relationship between paradoxical leadership and creative performance, with a focus on the mediating effect of psychological safety. The paradoxical leadership fosters creativity in a very creative and bold way that influence the creative performance of employees, with the key mediating effect of psychological safety. A sample of 300 employees from the top 15 IT Companies participated in this study. Using a cross-sectional approach, the study collects data at one particular moment in time. The sample was analyzed by using structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). This study found that paradoxical leadership has a positive relationship with creative performance. The study also revealed that psychological safety is a strong mediator that influences the relationship between paradoxical leadership and creative performance. The findings of this study assist upper management in developing plans for improving relationships between leaders and their team members by offering a psychologically safe setting, which results in high creativity in Pakistani IT companies. The further study may concentrate on investigating the impact of supplementary mediators, such as cultural context, team behavior, on the relationship between the PL and CP.

Exploring the Psychological and Socio-Economic Impacts of Vandalism among Religious Minorities: A Post-Incident Analysis

2025-05-30T23:54:09+05:00

This research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the social, economic, and psychological consequences of the incident, contributing to broader discussions on community resilience, recovery, and the role of institutional support in post-conflict settings. Religious acts of vandalism in Pakistan exceed simple property damage because they expose existing social divisions within the country. Identity-based hostility demonstrates itself through the destruction of religious scriptures and places of worship, as well as the damage to religious symbols. The research design employs systematic sampling (n=48) based on Cochran’s formula to study the effects of mob attacks on the community. The numerical data for violence-related damages and psychosocial effects stemmed from structured surveys (α>0.80). Bivariate/correlation analyses identified variable relationships. This study's multiple regression analysis identified unemployment as the strongest predictor of community relationship deterioration post-religious vandalism, correlating with stress. Gender showed marginal significance. To enhance community resilience, job creation programs and economic support for vulnerable groups may be prioritized by the responsible state bodies.

Water Security in South Asia: How Indo-Israeli Technological Cooperation Shapes the Future of the Indus Waters Treaty

2025-05-30T23:58:21+05:00

Under the evolving dynamics of Pakistan–India ties, this article attempts to examine IWT’s future in light of the India’s growing technological capability and shifting diplomatic policies after the 2025 Pahalgam incident. While the IWT has long been a symbol of resilience in South Asian water diplomacy, the legal regime of the treaty is now under pressure by new emerging issues which are difficult to solve under the provisions of the treaty. Under the umbrella of Indo-Israel cooperation the India’s control over water flow in the western rivers of the Indus Basin is increasing, enabling India to influence downstream flow without evidently breaching the treaty provisions. Thus, the article adopts qualitative methodology to contextualize these developments in a geopolitical perspective asserting that India’s post-Pahalgam discourse of “reconsideration” or putting on hold the IWT has led to the politicization of water as a weapon. Drawing on legal analysis, hydropolitical theory, and contemporary case studies—such as the Kishanganga and Ratle dam disputes—the article contends that Pakistan faces a complex set of risks: a legal limbo, technological divergence, and diplomatic isolation. In order to counter these threats, the paper recommends a multidimensional approach of treaty repurposing, water infrastructure development, regional cooperation formation, and narrative warfare. Conclusively, the author of the article focuses on the proposition that the Indus Waters Treaty’s sustainability and the security of waters in South Asia can be defined not by legal compliance but by the reconceptualisation of hydro-strategy within a hi-tech region besieged by increasing political instability.

Empowering Sustainable Performance: How Digital Leadership, Knowledge Sharing, and Digital Readiness Drive Success in Higher Education

2025-06-03T18:00:23+05:00

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between DL and SP, with a mediating role of KS & OL, as well DR in HEIs In Pakistan. Given the growth of digitalization, a phenomenon known as DL has become an important resource to develop SP in HEIs. The study uses the technique of PLS-SEM to analyze that effect and shows a direct significant positive relationship between DL and SP in addition to indirect relationships through KS and OL. The study demonstrates that DL significantly enhances SP in HEIs, both directly and via the mediating effects of KS and OL, with DR serving as a crucial moderating context. HEIs should foster a culture of continuous learning and open knowledge exchange. Aligning leadership with digital readiness strategies enhances adaptability and performance, while adopting digitally responsive leadership styles is crucial for resilience and long-term success.

A Qualitative Analysis of Community Perspectives and Attitudes towards Poor Maternal Health in Rural Punjab Pakistan Sargodha

2025-06-03T18:06:23+05:00

Maternal health is one of the persistent social problem of Pakistan. Statistical data show high ratio of maternal mortality across the country, especially in the rural areas. Despite the government efforts, the magnitude of the problem could not be minimized in the previous decades. This article aims at investigating the community perspectives and attitudes towards poor maternal health in Rural Sargodha Punjab, Pakistan. Review of literature shows the efforts of Pakistani government together with international partners to decrease maternal mortality but community response seems to be an encompassing responsible factor. The research design of the study followed the qualitative research methodology. Respondents from the selected community were identified during community meetings including married women of reproductive age and male decision-makers. For the purpose of data collection, a loosely structured interview protocol was developed. Data saturation was confirmed though transcriptions of seven focus groups conducted for this purpose. The major themes derived from the collected data were Perception about maternal health seeking knowledge, Role of Decision-makers in care seeking and Cultural Practices and Maternal Health. It is concluded that maternal health is largely influenced by the social structures, cultural practices and lack of decision making power among women. Such influencers determine the health seeking behaviors in rural areas in Pakistan. Educational programs focusing women and their families aiming at improving maternal health in rural areas are recommended for the country to mitigate the high risk of maternal mortality of a common woman.

An Analysis of STEM Education Competencies: Assessing Knowledge and Attitudes among Teacher Trainers and Teacher Trainees

2025-06-03T18:10:45+05:00

The world is frequently facing major economic and environmental crises. It is the need of the hour to develop the right skills in the 21st century by bringing technology in the schooling landscape right from early childhood education through various pedagogical frameworks. Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) is the pedagogical approach used across the globe to transform nations towards innovation-led entrepreneurial economy. The present study was conducted to analyze the knowledge and attitude of teacher trainer and trainees in the context of STEM education. The study was based on quantitative research and the data were collected using validated instruments: STEM Pedagogical Content Knowledge (STEM-PCK) and Attitude Towards STEM (AT-STEM) questionnaires, with reliability scores (α = 0.92 and α = 0.82, respectively). The sample included 75 teacher trainers and 172 trainees selected through simple random sampling. Data analysis was done using SPSS 21, employing descriptive statistics; mean and SD to analyze knowledge and attitudes. Results indicated that both trainers and trainees possessed moderate knowledge in most STEM domains, though mathematics knowledge was notably low in both groups. Trainees showed slightly higher pedagogical knowledge and 21st-century skills compared to trainers. Attitudinally, both groups expressed positive dispositions towards STEM education. Based on the findings, it is recommended that STEM teacher training programs may incorporate context-based, interdisciplinary content with a special focus on mathematics and engineering, alongside the integration of digital tools and flexible, differentiated learning strategies. Professional development may be ongoing, inclusive, and contextual to teachers' backgrounds, promoting conceptual clarity, confidence, and real-world application.

Corporate Governance and Reputation: The Role of ESG Controversies

2025-06-05T11:21:14+05:00

This study examines how Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) controversies moderate the relationship between corporate governance and corporate reputation. Although strong governance mechanisms enhance reputation, recent corporate crises suggest ESG controversies may pose strong reputational risks to corporations. This study navigate this tension through stakeholder and legitimacy theory. Panel data from 419 S&P 500 non-financial firms (2014–2024) was analyzed using fixed-effect hierarchical regression models. Governance, reputation, and ESG controversies were quantified using Refinitiv and Fortune databases. Findings confirm that corporate governance significantly improves reputation. However, ESG controversies negatively moderate this effect, meaning governance alone cannot protect against reputational damage during ESG crises. The moderating effect, while statistically significant, was modest in size. Firms should integrate ESG risk oversight into governance frameworks. Boards must conduct regular ESG audits, enhance transparency, and link executive compensation to ESG performance. These actions can help mitigate reputation loss and build stakeholder trust in ESG-sensitive environments.

Mood, Emotional Regulation and Resilience among Unemployed Graduate Students

2025-06-06T18:11:57+05:00

The present study explored the relationship in Mood, Emotional Regulation and Resilience among Employed and Unemployed Graduate Students. The difference in demographic variables regarding above mentioned variables were also explored. Sample of the study was comprised of N= 200 participants according to Rule of Thumb formula. Correlational research design was used. Convenience sampling technique was used. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) was used to measure Mood, Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) was used to examine Emotional Regulation and Nicholson McBride Resilience Questionnaire (NMRQ) was used to measure Resilience. Data was analyzed by using Pearson correlation to find out the relationship among Mood, Emotional Regulation and Resilience. The findings revealed significant positive relationship in emotional regulation and resilience and significant negative relationship in mood and emotional regulation and significant negative relationship in mood and resilience. The findings would be beneficial for students, people searching for jobs, psychologists, career counsellors and future researchers.

Social Factors Affecting Maternal Mortality in Quetta: A Qualitative Study

2025-06-11T10:43:57+05:00

The purpose of this study was to investigate the social factors of maternal mortality in Quetta using a qualitative approach. Maternal mortality is a major public health issue worldwide, disproportionately affecting low- and middle-income countries. Maternal mortality rates in Pakistan, notably in Balochistan province, remain dangerously high. Data were gathered via seven in-depth, semi-structured interviews with family members of women who died from maternal causes, as well as twelve key informants such as healthcare practitioners. Participants were chosen using purposive sampling. The data were analyzed thematically to identify recurring patterns and societal factors that influence maternal health outcomes. The analysis revealed five major themes including gender inequality and limited decision-making power among women; early and forced marriages that put adolescent girls at high obstetric risk; poverty and financial inaccessibility that delay or prevent access to skilled care; cultural beliefs and a preference for traditional birth attendants over institutional deliveries and insufficient health infrastructure and geographic barriers. The findings can help to shape community-based programs and maternal health policies that are adapted to Baluchistan’s particular socio-cultural setting.

Empowering Women through Land Ownership: A Case Study of Punjab

2025-06-13T11:59:38+05:00

This study examines the status of women’s land inheritance rights in Punjab, focusing on the different regions of the province. Property rights for women are important to their economic, social, and political status but they hit major barriers arising from traditional practices, legal frameworks, and other socioeconomic determinants that differ between, and sometimes within, regions. In Punjab, women generally cannot receive land inheritance legally, as traditions, expectations and weak law enforcement get in their way. Although the Anti-Women Practices Act was created in 2011, the lack of effective enforcement and strong cultural challenges keep women financially weak over many generations. This research used both ways of collecting evidence: it analyzed records from the government and media plus an online poll with anonymous female respondents aged 18+ in Punjab to see what people know about land inheritance rights for women. To overcome women's land inheritance barriers in Punjab, integrated reforms must combine stronger legal enforcement, rights awareness programms, economic empowerment, and cultural sensitization to challenge patriarchal norms and ensure sustainable gender equity in land ownership.

The Orientation with Strategy, the Innovation, and Impact of Marketing Performance

2025-06-13T12:02:48+05:00

Marketing orientation, strategic alignment, and innovation are crucial drivers of organizational performance in today’s highly competitive and dynamic business environment. This research takes a mixed-method approach, blending both quantitative and qualitative data analysis, to use the basic corners into how businesses are adapting to market trends, embracing new tools, and fine-tuning their strategies for better marketing results. The businesses often face unique challenges. This analysis sets the stage, diving into older models and modern frameworks that connect strategic marketing and innovation to important performance indicators—think brand recognition, customer loyalty, and even financial health. To gather our insights, we collected primary data through surveys and interviews with marketing professionals from various SMEs. The secondary data from industry reports for a broader picture is used. We used regression and factor analysis techniques to test our hypotheses. A strong positive link between having a strategic innovation mindset and better marketing performance for analysis.