Pakistan Social Sciences Review

Role of Education in Political Empowerment of Women in Pakistan during Musharraf Regime

Maira Siddique — 2024-10-10

The study aims to analyze the contribution of education to women’s political empowerment under the Musharraf government (1999–2008). The study also aims to emphasize the hyperlink between education and political representation by examining educational changes and how they affect women's political empowerment. The qualitative research method with secondary data sources has been employed. These sources include policy papers, research articles, research journals, books, media accounts, and feminist theoretical frameworks. Results show that although Musharraf's government's educational programs gave women more political opportunities, institutional and cultural constraints still prevented them from achieving full empowerment. Lack of education in women impairs their capacity for clear communication, reduces their understanding of political procedures, and makes them less conscious of their rights and responsibilities. Women's inadequate access to education in Pakistan is a key barrier to their political participation and decision-making. Education is crucial for empowering individuals, fostering their abilities, and expanding their opportunities for leadership and public affairs engagement.

Employers Demand from Transgender regarding Job Accommodation

Sadia Noreen — 2024-10-10

This study aimed to develop skills for adult transgender people in Pakistan. For this purpose, the researcher, under the typology of pragmatism, adopted the qualitative research method. Employers represented the accessible population of the present study as stakeholders. Ten participants (C.O.O.) from different fields, including industry, IT, Business, Saloons, Social media directors, School owners, Owners of shopping malls, Property dealers, etc., were interviewees. A focus group interview was conducted for data collection. A questionnaire was developed for interviewees to get relevant and particular information from the interviewees. Thematic analysis techniques were used for qualitative data analysis. The experts validated the questionnaire. The data revealed the complex challenges faced by transgender individuals in obtaining and maintaining employment. The study emphasises the need for a comprehensive and supportive approach to facilitate the integration of transgender individuals into the workforce. The recommendations include providing opportunities for education and skill, offering jobs that align with their preferences, providing training tailored to their needs, and implementing non-discrimination policies during hiring.

Transnational Narratives in South Asian Literature: A Textual Exploration of Identity and Belonging in Sabaa Tahir’s All My Rage

Misbah Tariq — 2024-10-10

Abstract This study analyzes the portrayal of transnationalism in Sabaa Tahir's All My Rage, focusing on the complex identities of South Asian diasporic characters within a globally interconnected context. By dissecting these elements, the study advocates for a more inclusive understanding of diasporic experiences that moves beyond historical trauma, instead highlighting the active formation of interconnected networks. These insights contribute to a deeper comprehension of literature's role in shaping and transforming perceptions of diasporic experiences within transnational social fields. Drawing on Steven Vertovec's theory of transnationalism and employing textual analysis, it explores the fluidity of identity and the creation of diverse social networks within the diaspora, emphasizing their engagement in cross-cultural dialogues and negotiation of multiple spaces. The findings emphasize the potential of transnational spaces to promote inclusivity, fairness, and the redefinition of cultural narratives, enriching the discourse on the South Asian diaspora in the digital age.

Effect of Reflective Learning Practices on Critical Thinking Skills and Motivation of Undergraduate Students

Tayyba Tariq — 2024-10-14

The Partnership for 21st Century Skills emphasizes the importance of reflective practices to develop critical thinking skills and motivation in students. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of reflective learning practices on undergraduate students' critical thinking skills and motivation during chemistry course. In this study, a quasi-experimental design with one group pretest-posttest was applied, using convenience sampling to select a study group of 30 undergraduate students. In the experimental group, reflective learning practices were implemented. DOT-CCTTv3 (Danczak-Overton-Thompson Chemistry Critical Thinking Test) was used as the data collection tool. IMMS questionnaire was also used to get feedback about reflective learning practices in classroom and to what extent these practices affect their motivation. Descriptive statistical techniques such as mean and standard deviation were calculated, paired sample t test was used to determine the mean difference between the pretest and posttest scores of the groups. This difference was found to be in favor of the experimental group. In the study, when the pretest and posttest scores of the experimental group were checked, a significant difference was found between the DOT-CCTTv3 pretest and posttest mean scores. The results of IMMS questionnaire showed that all four factors greatly affect the motivation of students after reflective learning practices. Based on these finding, it is concluded that reflective learning practices have a positive effect on students' critical thinking skills and motivation. It is recommended that in regular curricula of schools reflective learning practices should be practiced including, reflective dialogue, group discussions, self- evaluation, thinking aloud for enhancing critical thinking learning comprehension among students. To keep students engaged and motivated throughout the course, teachers should ensure that they use problem-based approach, and developments in real life.

Challenges Faced by Prospective Teachers in Teaching Practicum: A Phenomenological Approach

Firdous Bugti — 2024-10-14

Teaching practicum is an activity that provides prospective teachers a platform where they practice teaching in a real classroom environment. The purpose of this qualitative (descriptive phenomenology) study is to explore the challenges and opportunities in constructing the professional identities of prospective teachers based on their lived experiences. Six final year students of B.Ed. (Hons.) were purposively selected as sample of the study. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed thematically which yielded two major themes each comprised of four subthemes. The first theme was challenges in teaching practicum and its subthemes were overcrowded classrooms, multigrade teaching, classroom management, and poor infrastructure. The second theme was locating the challenges in development of professional identity of prospective teachers and its subthemes were gaining confidence in new role, strengthening teaching skills, problem solving approaches, and integration of new perspective. Future studies may be conducted on the other aspects of practicum for constructing different perspectives of prospective teachers’ professional identity.

The most Important Considerations of Medical Professionals for Sharing Knowledge

Muhammad Abdul Basit Memon — 2024-10-20

This research was conducted in the healthcare sector to investigate the most important knowledge-sharing considerations among doctors, nurses and other paramedic staff. The role of knowledge sharing for achieving a sustainable competitive edge is recognized worldwide in several contexts and cultures. Hence, identification, collection, creation, and application of knowledge are among organizations' top priorities nowadays. This research is conducted through qualitative research design. 75 semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted in three case organizations and data was analyzed through thematic analysis. It was revealed that interpersonal trust, credibility and authenticity of the shared knowledge, professional relationship, organizational duty, personality dimensions of the knowledge sharer are some of the key considerations for knowledge sharing within healthcare organizations. The managers and practitioners in healthcare sector can develop their understanding how to promote knowledge sharing in hospitals in the light of this research. Organizations need to cultivate an organizational culture of mutual trust and facilitation for knowledge sharing.

Environmental Rights as Human Rights: A Case Study of Pakistan and Multiple Approaches towards their Recognition

Ahmad Talha — 2024-10-20

This research is intended to identify and examine the intersecting legal, social, and ethical factors integrating environmental preservation to the fundamental human rights framework. This study aims to comprehend the direct effects of environmental degradation on human rights, encompassing the rights to life, health, and dignity, while assessing the increasing acknowledgment of environmental rights as a fundamental component of international human rights law. As a result of the overwhelming number of environmental cases currently being heard in human rights tribunals, the relevance of this subject matter, as well as the vital need to debate it, led to the birth of the idea of "Greening of Human Rights." We believe that environmental law should revolve around the intergenerational equity principle, which primarily protects individual rights while also addressing collective community rights to a clean environment. This belief was formed after discussing various approaches to the right, and we believe that environmental law should be based on this principle. In order to foster development while also protecting the environment for life on earth, policymakers and lawmakers are faced with a complex challenge that requires them to strike a balance between the two types of rights, depending on the context.

(Counter)Orientalizing Pakistani Culture in Naqvi’s The Selected Works of Abdullah the Cossack and Haider’s How It Happened

Asifa Parveen — 2024-10-20

The paper aims to examine the (Counter)Orientalism in Pakistani cultural representation through the analysis of two contemporary novels: Husain M. Naqvi’s The Selected Works of Abdullah the Cossack (2019) and Shazaf Fatima Haider’s How it Happened (2012). Drawing from the postcolonial theorists Edward Said and Frantz Fanon, the paper investigates the complex interplay of Orientalism, and the role of native intellectuals in shaping a national culture. Additionally, this paper aims to show the complexities of Pakistani cultural portrayal, emphasizing on these literary voices in redefining and reimagining the nation’s culture. Through a detailed textual analysis, this study seeks to shed light on the way in which these authors navigate the tensions between tradition and modernity, addressing the broader question of identity, in the context of Pakistan’s evolving cultural landscape.

Socio-Political Power Relations in Mohsin’s Between You, Me And The Four Walls: A Marxist Critique

Fahim Wakeel — 2024-10-22

The article provides a Marxist critique of Moni Mohsin's novel, Between You, Me, and The Four Walls, by employing an intersectional framework of Marxist and Cultural theories comprising Raymond William’s Cultural theory, Gramsci’s Hegemony, and Althusser’s Ideology. This research argues that Mohsin’s selected narrative involves a complex interplay of ideology, hegemony, and culture to manifest the complexities of social, economic, and political power relations in the context of Pakistan. In order to construct a persuasive document of human history and social change, the rationale of this research is to expose Pakistani culture and society where Hegemony and Ideological State Apparatuses work to create further dichotomy and class faction among people. Furthermore, by discussing the features like democracy, ideology and hegemony– responsible for the creation of a conventional culture, the work reveals simplified yet unusual representation of native culture and society. The article also challenges the diverse inherent notions of military and politics that are responsible in shaping culture(s), ideologies and creating hegemony among the people. Thus, this research concludes that the complex interplay of ideology, hegemony, and culture in Mohsin's novel unveils the power dynamics in Pakistani society and encourages critical thinking and self-reflection towards constructing a fair and just society.

The Social Cognitive Context of Teaching in Public Sector Primary Schools of Punjab

Nokhaiz Tahzeeb — 2024-10-23

The aim of this research is to examine the application of social and cognitive approach in the teaching practices in public primary schools of Punjab. The social cognitive structure, established by Bandura, prioritizes the role of observational learning, in which kids pick up new behaviors and abilities by observing teachers and peers. The study emphasizes incorporation of modern instructional strategies to promote social, cognitive and emotional growth of kids. The setting is an urban district, Mandi Bahauddin, located in Punjab. Fifteen teachers from primary schools participated in semi-structured interviews to provide data for this qualitative study. The phenomenological approach has been used to examine the perceptions and experiences of primary school teachers regarding social and cognitive context of teaching.The research data is coded, evaluated, and compared with the concepts from the literature review and interview findings. The findings of this study show that teachers believe internal elements like motivation, attention, retention, and replication as well as observational learning have an impact on children's social and cognitive development. These learning aspects can be enhanced by incorporating modern tools and resources into teaching strategies. The study also recommends the need for regular updates in teacher training, curriculum and infrastructure for the improvement of educational outcomes in Punjab’s public primary schools.

Comparing Cultural Shifts and Universal Human Experience in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead by Tom Stoppard and Haider by Vishal Bhardwaj

Tayyeba Ashfaq — 2024-10-24

The study investigates Shakespeare’s universal human experience in Hamlet by comparing cultural shifts in two adaptations, what components of Shakespeare's original are retained or changed, and how speech and story advance. Meiliana believes that comparative literature explores connections between literary works, examining sources, topics, mythologies, genres, creative techniques, social movements, and trends, breaking traditional national and international boundaries, and determining universal human interactions. Shakespeare is one of the most significant writers in the history of literature, thus there is not much point in contesting that. His writings have been essential to any study of literature for centuries and have inspired innumerable popular and non-popular adaptations and imitators of his style. The research is a critique of the two Shakespearean play adaptations, Haider (2014) by Vishal Bhardwaj and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (1990), by Tom Stoppard based on rigorous and in-depth research into the scholarly debate around them.

Customers’ Delight: Missing Factors in Internet Banking: Case from National Bank of Pakistan

Shahbaz Zaki Warsi — 2024-10-24

The objective of this study is to foster the e-banking services that how convenience, internet knowledge, security and risk factors effects on customer delight. The rise of internet banking has dramatically changed how customers interact with financial institutions, making it essential for banks to identify the key drivers of customer delight. This research explores the critical factors that contribute to a satisfying internet banking experience, including user-friendliness, transaction efficiency, personalized services, and robust support. Data was collected from 657 customers of national bank limited in Pakistan with the help of questionnaire. Out of 657 responses 438 responses were selected for data analysis and responses with incomplete and missing information is excluded. The data is analyzed with the help of SPSS A results revealed that Convenience, and reliable assistance are crucial in fostering customer delight. As the regression analysis further identifies convenience as a significant predictor, confirming its impact on customer delight satisfaction. Furthermore, The regression analysis also supports perceived risk, indicating that higher perceived risk substantially increases customer delight satisfaction. The findings emphasize the significance of building trust and ensuring the security of online transactions. By understanding these factors, banks can optimize their internet banking services, enhance customer satisfaction, and drive business success.

Exploring Social Media Influencers' Attitudes toward Self-Improvement and Belongingness: The Mediating Role of Virtual Influencer Credibility on Brand Attitude

Ayesha Mehmood — 2024-10-24

The aim of this study is to clarify how social media influencers' perspectives on belonging and self-improvement affect young consumers' attitude towards the brand. The goal is to shed light on how self-improvement and a sense of belongingness affect brand preferences in the era of digital influencers by examining the mediating effect of virtual influencer credibility in influencing young consumers' perceptions and attitudes toward brands. A cross-sectional survey method, employing a positivist and deductive approach, was utilized to collect data from 154 participants. Data analysis was conducted using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to identify correlations between variables. The study utilized convenience sampling, along with a seven-point Likert scale. The findings provide light on many different aspects of influencer marketing and the evolving significance of influencers in the age of technology. As this offers insightful information about the complex patterns of self-improvement, Belongingness, and brand attitude in the world of social media influencers. The study also indicated that social media influencers' views on belonging and self-improvement have a big impact on young people's perceptions towards the brand. . This study adds to literature an original perspective on social media influencers and the relationships they have with belongingness, self-improvement, and brand attitude. By highlighting the fact that influencers are active drivers of social and personal change instead of just being spokespersons for brands, it creates an innovative model in the field of internet marketing.

Meaning of life with Existential Crisis among Muslim Young Adults

Sumaiyya Shahood Hashmi — 2024-11-01

This study aims to investigate existential anxiety and meaning in life among Muslim young adults in Pakistan, evaluating the extent of existential crises within this demographic. Advancements in technology and knowledge have made life increasingly robotic, leaving many struggling to find personal meaning. This disconnection often leads to existential anxiety and crises. While research in this field is sparse in Pakistan, addressing these existential concerns could provide insights into the mental health of young adults. A quantitative approach was used, with descriptive analysis performed using SPSS (22nd edition). Participants' responses were categorized as problematic or non-problematic, following Dr. Carl Weems' scale, which incorporates six components of existential anxiety (death, fate, emptiness, condemnation, guilt, and meaninglessness). Findings highlight the impact of belief systems, emotional support, and life situations in influencing existential anxiety levels. These insights could inform targeted therapeutic interventions aimed at alleviating existential anxiety among young adults in Pakistan.

Systematic Review: Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Learning in Elementary and Secondary Schools

Saira Bano — 2024-11-04

This study examines the role of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) in school education and its advantages for learning in elementary and secondary school contexts.Education is an important activity for individuals, communities, and societies, while learning is recognizing patterns in the information we receive.The GAI enables a tailored approach to learning, enhancing engagement and motivation. Some previousstudies have examined the usage of GAI in academic establishments and its impact on students and teachers. This study usedthe PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) methodology.Journals and conference papers were determined to be the most popular types of manuscripts utilized to report results in response to our established research questions. The study shows that GAI is an effective tool,for improving educational practices and learning outcomes but does not improve skills. The findings indicate that additional research is required to achieve more conclusive results and completely comprehend its impact on teaching and learning processes. Additional research helps highlight the potential benefits and limitations of schools.

Shifting Sands: From Alliance to Adversity Tracing Iranian-Israeli Relations before the Islamic Revolution and Envisioning Future Prospects amidst Political Transformation

Syed Rizwan Haider Bukhari — 2024-11-05

This article analyzes the shifting dynamics of Iranian-Israeli relations, focusing on the transition from cooperative ties before the 1979 Iranian Revolution to the antagonistic stance that followed. Initially, under the Pahlavi regime, Iran and Israel shared diplomatic and economic connections, driven by mutual interests in regional stability. However, the revolution marked a turning point, embedding ideological conflict and intensifying geopolitical tensions between the two nations. Using historical data and contemporary analysis, The findings suggest that Iran’s post-revolution ideology has fueled hostilities, while regional conflicts have widened the divide. A regime shift could open pathways for dialogue or further strain relations, depending on evolving priorities. To foster future diplomatic prospects, the article recommends engaging in backchannel diplomacy and utilizing third-party mediators to facilitate understanding and reduce conflict risks in this volatile region.

Relationship between Teachers’ Motivational Support and Students’ Achievement in Science Subjects at Secondary School Level

Zafar Khan — 2024-11-06

This study aimed to investigate the perceptions of secondary school science students regarding their teachers' motivational support and its relationship with their academic achievement in science subjects in district Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Science subjects are often seen as challenging and require substantial effort from students. A correlational research design was employed for this study. The sample consisted of 1,030 10th-grade students selected through a stratified sampling technique. Data were collected using an instrument that included demographic information, science subject marks, and items assessing students' perceptions of their teachers' motivational support. The findings revealed a significant positive correlation between perceived teacher motivational support and students' academic achievement in science subjects. Students who reported higher levels of teacher-provided motivational support tended to achieve better academic results in their science courses. The study recommends that science teachers implement and consistently use effective motivational strategies to enhance their students' academic performance. Understanding and applying motivation within the classroom context is essential for improving student outcomes and fostering greater participation in science-related fields.

Political Discourse and Strategic Communication: A Pragma-Stylistic Analysis of Imran Khan’s Interview with Deutsche Welle

Asma Nasir — 2024-11-07

This study explores how Imran Khan uses language strategically during his interview with Deutsche Welle (DW) on July 15, 2023, to shape public perception and communicate his political views. It looks at how Khan uses different language techniques, drawing on Grice’s theory of conversational implicature and Searle’s Speech Act Theory. These frameworks help analyze how Khan crafts his message through various speech acts—such as statements, requests, promises, and expressions—while also examining how he uses indirect communication (like implicatures) and specific stylistic choices (tone, word choice, rhetorical devices) to influence his audience. The findings show that Khan leverages these linguistic tools not only to assert his political position but also to build credibility and subtly guide how the public interprets key issues. His careful use of presuppositions and indirect messaging helps him frame political topics in a way that aligns with his broader objectives. By examining this interview, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of how political figures use language to control and direct discourse, revealing the complex relationship between language, power, and persuasion. It also opens the door for further research into how different politicians use similar strategies in varying contexts to influence public opinion. Additionally, the study investigates stylistic features such as tone, lexical choice, and rhetorical devices, alongside presuppositions that underpin Khan’s statements. And the findings reveal that Khan’s use of implicatures, speech acts, stylistic features, and presuppositions effectively enhances his rhetorical strategies, demonstrating a sophisticated interplay between language, context, and political objectives. This study contributes to the fields of pragma-stylistics and political communication by offering insights into the linguistic tactics of a prominent political figure, thus highlighting the intricate relationship between language and political power.

Role of Mass Media in the Economic Development of Pakistan: An Analysis

Asim Nawaz Abbassi — 2024-11-11

This study analyzes the role of mass media as a catalyst for economic development and its contribution to achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Human Development Index (HDI) benchmarks in Pakistan. Mass media is often regarded as the fourth pillar of the state for its role in informing the public, facilitating decision-making, and identifying policy gaps. In Pakistan, media has been pivotal in fostering awareness on various social issues, highlighting corruption, advocating for educational advancement, addressing healthcare challenges, and nurturing democratic values. Its influence in shaping public opinion on development-related matters is profound, particularly in relation to the SDGs. The study examines the impact of mass media on economic and social development through qualitative and quantitative analyses, utilizing surveys and case studies to gauge the extent of media's influence on public policy and awareness campaigns. Findings reveal that key attributes contributing to effective mass media in Pakistan include autonomy, adherence to high-quality standards, and extensive reach. These attributes enable media to effectively set the public agenda, influencing the achievement of SDG targets and improvements in HDI metrics. To enhance media's role in Pakistan's development, it is recommended that policies be formulated to further support media independence, improve journalistic standards, and expand media outreach, thereby strengthening its capacity to contribute to sustainable development.

The Effect of Positive Emotions on the Academic Engagement of Urban and Rural L2 Learners

Mubrrah Shafique — 2024-11-11

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of positive emotions on the academic engagement of L2 learners from urban and rural areas. This study was quantitative in nature and causal comparative research design was used for getting results. Convenience sampling technique was used for choosing students from urban and rural secondary schools of district Lahore. Both parts of the questionnaire used for the study, positive emotions (Positive Emotions Inventory) and academic engagement (Academic Engagement Guage), had a good reliability value (.71 and .76 respectively). Inferential statistics like Regression analysis was used to evaluate the data. Overall, the results showed that the positive emotions of enjoyment, contentment and compassion contributed significantly to cognitive and behavioral engagement of participants from both rural and urban areas. Whereas, pride, enjoyment and compassion contributed significantly to emotional engagement. Further, there was a significant difference in the emotion of hope between the participants from rural and urban areas. Whereas, no significant difference was found in the engagement of participants from rural and urban localities. It is recommended that rural schools should provide resources that support students' higher levels of pride, hope, enjoyment, and compassion. While, urban schools should offer opportunities for students to experience a wider range of positive emotions, not just contentment. L2 teachers may design activities and curricula that provide confidence to students and participate actively and think critically, enhancing their enjoyment, contentment, and compassion. They may ensure emotional engagement strategies boosting the feelings of hope and contentment.

Exploring the Impact of Smog on Mental Health in Lahore: A Qualitative Study

Aiman Rahim — 2024-11-18

This study aims to explore the psychological and emotional impacts of smog on the residents of Lahore, Pakistan, focusing on how air pollution affects mental health. Smog has been a persistent environmental issue in Lahore, leading to both short-term and long-term health consequences. While global research has linked air pollution to mental health problems, studies on its specific impact in Lahore are limited. Given the severity of smog in the region, it is crucial to understand its broader effects on the mental well-being of residents. A qualitative research design was adopted for this study. Twenty participants, aged 18 to 60 years, were selected through purposive sampling. In-depth interviews were conducted, and the data collected were analyzed thematically to identify key themes and patterns related to the psychological effects of smog exposure. The findings reveal that smog exacerbates anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairments among residents of Lahore. Participants also reported heightened stress, irritability, and sleep disturbances, all linked to prolonged exposure to poor air quality. This study emphasizes the urgent need for stronger environmental policies to address smog and its impact on public health. Additionally, it recommends implementing public awareness campaigns to educate residents about the mental health risks associated with air pollution.

Emerging Cyborg Identities: Gender, and Feminism in Foundryside through Gee and Haraway's Lenses

Dur e Shahwar — 2024-11-18

This paper aims to explore the gender identity of cyborg character Sancia in Robert Jackson Bennett’s novel Foundryside. Sancia represents the theoretical concept of emerging feminism as she is that part of a cyborg which can be considered as a new type of female figure. Through a close reading of Foundryside, this research examines Sancia’s changing identity. Using Gee’s (2014) discourse analysis approach, Sancia’s identity and activitiess are analysed in the selected passages of the text. This is followed by a discussion of how Sancia’s post-humanity breaks down and reconstitutes conventional feminine signs trough Harraway’s Lense. Findings of the study indicate that Sancia’s cyborg status erases the gender binary system since it fuses simplication/exteriorisation yet embraces an organic and mechanical. This emerging identity offers fresh perspective on how female cyborgs are constructed as self-steering, non-binary gendered characters in speculative fiction. Erasing the binary between man and machine, this research extends the framework of feminist posthumanism and opens up the scholarly discussion of gender identity in speculative fiction.

Learning Styles of Students and their Effect on Academic Achievement

Muhammad Amin — 2024-11-19

This study has been conducted to investigate the effects of different learning styles on students’ achievement. The objectives of the study were to investigate the effect, if any of the learning styles of students on their achievement. Second to point out which learning style performs better on achievement tests. This study is motivated by the work of Kolb (1984) and Mecleod (2017) as they provided the characteristics of learning with certain learning styles and how they prefer to learn. Four learning styles i.e. convergent, divergent, assimilators and accommodators have been identified using Kolb’s learning style inventory. This study was conducted using a true experimental research design. A post-test-only control group design has been used. Two groups experimental and control were developed. This experiment was conducted with 80 participants of grade 7th in the subject of general science. Each group i.e. experimental and control consisted of 40 participants. The participants were assigned to the groups based on their learning style and previous class results Through a matching technique. The experimental group was taught through differentiated/ tired lesson plans while the control group was taught through existing traditional teaching methods i.e. lecture method and sometimes questioning from teachers and students. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics. The results indicated that in the control and experimental group’s assimilators outperform other learning styles i.e. convergent, divergent, and accommodators. Students with different learning styles did not show significant differences on achievement tests either in the experimental or in the control group. However overall participants of the experimental group performed better than the control group. Hence it was concluded that learning styles make no difference in the achievement of the participants within the experimental and control group. But all the participants with different learning styles performed better when they were taught based on their learning styles. Hence more studies are recommended to test if learning styles have any effect on students' academic achievement. It is also recommended that learning styles-based teaching should be adopted as it increases the achievement of all the participants with any learning styles.

Adoption of Green Human Resource Management Practices in Pakistan: Case of Leather Industry

Hina Hameed — 2024-11-19

This study aims to examine the adoption and implementation of Green Human Resource Management (Green HRM) practices in Pakistan's leather industry, emphasizing their role in promoting environmental sustainability, operational efficiency, and competitiveness. Pakistan's leather industry is a significant contributor to the national economy but faces considerable environmental challenges. Green HRM practices, such as eco-friendly recruitment, training, performance management, and reward systems, present an opportunity to address these challenges and align industry operations with sustainability goals. The research employed a survey-based approach, gathering data from 394 organizations within the leather industry. The study assessed the extent of Green HRM adoption and explored factors influencing variability in implementation, such as resources, awareness, and organizational priorities. The findings indicate moderate adoption levels of Green HRM practices across the surveyed organizations. Variability in implementation was observed, driven by differences in organizational capacity and awareness. Key gaps were identified in the standardization of practices, comprehensive training programs, and alignment of HR initiatives with broader environmental objectives. To embed Green HRM as a strategic priority in Pakistan’s leather industry, the study recommends fostering industry-wide collaboration, providing policy support, and launching capacity-building initiatives. These efforts should focus on enhancing awareness, standardizing practices, and aligning HR strategies with environmental sustainability goals to drive a greener and more resilient industry.

Examining Cross-ethnic Relationships through Selective Novels of South Asian Writers

Nosheen Khaliq — 2024-11-20

Being a social animal man makes close relationships within his social circle and sometime makes proximal relationship beyond his surroundings that they go on through different cultures, surroundings and ethnicity. The research has focused on such pairing and highlighting the end results of proximal relationship specifically presented in the works of south Asian writer’s .Cross ethnic-culture encounters is the connection between people of different religions, nations and global regions. Mainly deals with Interpersonal relationship especially among men and women who belong to two different countries and culture through the lens of south Asian Writers specifically; The relationship of Arica and Changaz in Mohsin Hamid’s The reluctant Fundamentalist, The relationship of Hiroko and Sajad in “burnt Shadow by Kamila shamsi; Proximal Pairing of Ayah with Dil Nawaz in Ice Candy man by Bapsi Sidhwa, The relationship between Ashok and madam pinky in Arundhati Roy in The White Tiger. The relationship of Maxine and Gogol in Namesake by Jhumpa Lahiri This article particular applied theory of proximity was which was given by Theodor Newcomb in his book named ‘The Acquaintance Process’ in 1956.Ethnic relationships shows the end results and suggests some way or the other the proximal relationships between man and women belongs to different cultural background are problematic like sometime society is not giving them space and sometime over all cultural environment creating troubles for them. Much has been written about south Asian literature however the analysis of the text of the selective five novels from a proximal and interpersonal relationships perspective reveals the different situation of pairing with interesting outcomes and end results. A close examination of south Asian’s writers’ work will further our understanding of the proximal relationships and its consequences into different cultural and surroundings.

Comparative Study of Admissibility and Credibility of Child Witness under Law and Practice in Pakistan and India

Shabana Kauser — 2024-11-20

The object of present research is to compare the credibility of child witness in Pakistan and India and to determine how to determine and solve the issues of competency and admissibility of testimony of child witness is dealt in Pakistan and India with reference to international Human rights laws. Under Qanun-e-Shahadat, Article 3, the question of "who may testify" and the definition of a witness are covered. The article states categorically that everyone is competent to witness, with the exception of those whom the court determines are too young, infirm, or otherwise unable to grasp the questions asked of them or respond to them rationally. This article's clause makes it very plain that the presiding judge must only address the issue of a child's competency. This study is done by employing Doctrinal method and relied upon case laws and research articles written by scholars. Researcher drawn result that due to certain reasons during investigation and trail child witness is ignored. Researcher recommended that there may be a legal mechanism which provides a proper cover to child witness and during investigation a child witness could not be ignored and worth may be given to him/her.

CBT as a Therapeutic Approach for Mitigating Anxiety and Panic Symptoms: A Case Study

Javeria Mirza — 2024-11-20

Anxiety disorders are most common disorders among mental health issues; they are characterized by feelings of tension, worrisome thoughts and physical changes due to an unknown fear which could be real or anticipated. This case study highlights the psychological concerns of 37 years old married male client, who was suffering from panic and anxiety symptoms. He sought help for the panic, death anxiety and the physical symptoms of palpitation. This study is based on the application of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, which provided the basic necessary tools for the reduction of panic and anxiety symptoms. The effectiveness of the CBT technique echoed lessening of symptoms and asserted the success of therapy. The case study validated that the CBT techniques are very effective and helpful in reduction of panic and anxiety symptoms. This would help the professionals working in mental health sector to better understand the effectiveness of CBT techniques, to reduce the knowledge gap and help them to make better treatment modifications.