Pakistan Social Sciences Review

Role of Education in Political Empowerment of Women in Pakistan during Musharraf Regime

Maira Siddique — 2024-10-10

The study aims to analyze the contribution of education to women’s political empowerment under the Musharraf government (1999–2008). The study also aims to emphasize the hyperlink between education and political representation by examining educational changes and how they affect women's political empowerment. The qualitative research method with secondary data sources has been employed. These sources include policy papers, research articles, research journals, books, media accounts, and feminist theoretical frameworks. Results show that although Musharraf's government's educational programs gave women more political opportunities, institutional and cultural constraints still prevented them from achieving full empowerment. Lack of education in women impairs their capacity for clear communication, reduces their understanding of political procedures, and makes them less conscious of their rights and responsibilities. Women's inadequate access to education in Pakistan is a key barrier to their political participation and decision-making. Education is crucial for empowering individuals, fostering their abilities, and expanding their opportunities for leadership and public affairs engagement.

Employers Demand from Transgender regarding Job Accommodation

Sadia Noreen — 2024-10-10

This study aimed to develop skills for adult transgender people in Pakistan. For this purpose, the researcher, under the typology of pragmatism, adopted the qualitative research method. Employers represented the accessible population of the present study as stakeholders. Ten participants (C.O.O.) from different fields, including industry, IT, Business, Saloons, Social media directors, School owners, Owners of shopping malls, Property dealers, etc., were interviewees. A focus group interview was conducted for data collection. A questionnaire was developed for interviewees to get relevant and particular information from the interviewees. Thematic analysis techniques were used for qualitative data analysis. The experts validated the questionnaire. The data revealed the complex challenges faced by transgender individuals in obtaining and maintaining employment. The study emphasises the need for a comprehensive and supportive approach to facilitate the integration of transgender individuals into the workforce. The recommendations include providing opportunities for education and skill, offering jobs that align with their preferences, providing training tailored to their needs, and implementing non-discrimination policies during hiring.

Transnational Narratives in South Asian Literature: A Textual Exploration of Identity and Belonging in Sabaa Tahir’s All My Rage

Misbah Tariq — 2024-10-10

Abstract This study analyzes the portrayal of transnationalism in Sabaa Tahir's All My Rage, focusing on the complex identities of South Asian diasporic characters within a globally interconnected context. By dissecting these elements, the study advocates for a more inclusive understanding of diasporic experiences that moves beyond historical trauma, instead highlighting the active formation of interconnected networks. These insights contribute to a deeper comprehension of literature's role in shaping and transforming perceptions of diasporic experiences within transnational social fields. Drawing on Steven Vertovec's theory of transnationalism and employing textual analysis, it explores the fluidity of identity and the creation of diverse social networks within the diaspora, emphasizing their engagement in cross-cultural dialogues and negotiation of multiple spaces. The findings emphasize the potential of transnational spaces to promote inclusivity, fairness, and the redefinition of cultural narratives, enriching the discourse on the South Asian diaspora in the digital age.

Effect of Reflective Learning Practices on Critical Thinking Skills and Motivation of Undergraduate Students

Tayyba Tariq — 2024-10-14

The Partnership for 21st Century Skills emphasizes the importance of reflective practices to develop critical thinking skills and motivation in students. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of reflective learning practices on undergraduate students' critical thinking skills and motivation during chemistry course. In this study, a quasi-experimental design with one group pretest-posttest was applied, using convenience sampling to select a study group of 30 undergraduate students. In the experimental group, reflective learning practices were implemented. DOT-CCTTv3 (Danczak-Overton-Thompson Chemistry Critical Thinking Test) was used as the data collection tool. IMMS questionnaire was also used to get feedback about reflective learning practices in classroom and to what extent these practices affect their motivation. Descriptive statistical techniques such as mean and standard deviation were calculated, paired sample t test was used to determine the mean difference between the pretest and posttest scores of the groups. This difference was found to be in favor of the experimental group. In the study, when the pretest and posttest scores of the experimental group were checked, a significant difference was found between the DOT-CCTTv3 pretest and posttest mean scores. The results of IMMS questionnaire showed that all four factors greatly affect the motivation of students after reflective learning practices. Based on these finding, it is concluded that reflective learning practices have a positive effect on students' critical thinking skills and motivation. It is recommended that in regular curricula of schools reflective learning practices should be practiced including, reflective dialogue, group discussions, self- evaluation, thinking aloud for enhancing critical thinking learning comprehension among students. To keep students engaged and motivated throughout the course, teachers should ensure that they use problem-based approach, and developments in real life.

Challenges Faced by Prospective Teachers in Teaching Practicum: A Phenomenological Approach

Firdous Bugti — 2024-10-14

Teaching practicum is an activity that provides prospective teachers a platform where they practice teaching in a real classroom environment. The purpose of this qualitative (descriptive phenomenology) study is to explore the challenges and opportunities in constructing the professional identities of prospective teachers based on their lived experiences. Six final year students of B.Ed. (Hons.) were purposively selected as sample of the study. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed thematically which yielded two major themes each comprised of four subthemes. The first theme was challenges in teaching practicum and its subthemes were overcrowded classrooms, multigrade teaching, classroom management, and poor infrastructure. The second theme was locating the challenges in development of professional identity of prospective teachers and its subthemes were gaining confidence in new role, strengthening teaching skills, problem solving approaches, and integration of new perspective. Future studies may be conducted on the other aspects of practicum for constructing different perspectives of prospective teachers’ professional identity.

The most Important Considerations of Medical Professionals for Sharing Knowledge

Muhammad Abdul Basit Memon — 2024-10-20

This research was conducted in the healthcare sector to investigate the most important knowledge-sharing considerations among doctors, nurses and other paramedic staff. The role of knowledge sharing for achieving a sustainable competitive edge is recognized worldwide in several contexts and cultures. Hence, identification, collection, creation, and application of knowledge are among organizations' top priorities nowadays. This research is conducted through qualitative research design. 75 semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted in three case organizations and data was analyzed through thematic analysis. It was revealed that interpersonal trust, credibility and authenticity of the shared knowledge, professional relationship, organizational duty, personality dimensions of the knowledge sharer are some of the key considerations for knowledge sharing within healthcare organizations. The managers and practitioners in healthcare sector can develop their understanding how to promote knowledge sharing in hospitals in the light of this research. Organizations need to cultivate an organizational culture of mutual trust and facilitation for knowledge sharing.

Environmental Rights as Human Rights: A Case Study of Pakistan and Multiple Approaches towards their Recognition

Ahmad Talha — 2024-10-20

This research is intended to identify and examine the intersecting legal, social, and ethical factors integrating environmental preservation to the fundamental human rights framework. This study aims to comprehend the direct effects of environmental degradation on human rights, encompassing the rights to life, health, and dignity, while assessing the increasing acknowledgment of environmental rights as a fundamental component of international human rights law. As a result of the overwhelming number of environmental cases currently being heard in human rights tribunals, the relevance of this subject matter, as well as the vital need to debate it, led to the birth of the idea of "Greening of Human Rights." We believe that environmental law should revolve around the intergenerational equity principle, which primarily protects individual rights while also addressing collective community rights to a clean environment. This belief was formed after discussing various approaches to the right, and we believe that environmental law should be based on this principle. In order to foster development while also protecting the environment for life on earth, policymakers and lawmakers are faced with a complex challenge that requires them to strike a balance between the two types of rights, depending on the context.

(Counter)Orientalizing Pakistani Culture in Naqvi’s The Selected Works of Abdullah the Cossack and Haider’s How It Happened

Asifa Parveen — 2024-10-20

The paper aims to examine the (Counter)Orientalism in Pakistani cultural representation through the analysis of two contemporary novels: Husain M. Naqvi’s The Selected Works of Abdullah the Cossack (2019) and Shazaf Fatima Haider’s How it Happened (2012). Drawing from the postcolonial theorists Edward Said and Frantz Fanon, the paper investigates the complex interplay of Orientalism, and the role of native intellectuals in shaping a national culture. Additionally, this paper aims to show the complexities of Pakistani cultural portrayal, emphasizing on these literary voices in redefining and reimagining the nation’s culture. Through a detailed textual analysis, this study seeks to shed light on the way in which these authors navigate the tensions between tradition and modernity, addressing the broader question of identity, in the context of Pakistan’s evolving cultural landscape.

Socio-Political Power Relations in Mohsin’s Between You, Me And The Four Walls: A Marxist Critique

Fahim Wakeel — 2024-10-22

The article provides a Marxist critique of Moni Mohsin's novel, Between You, Me, and The Four Walls, by employing an intersectional framework of Marxist and Cultural theories comprising Raymond William’s Cultural theory, Gramsci’s Hegemony, and Althusser’s Ideology. This research argues that Mohsin’s selected narrative involves a complex interplay of ideology, hegemony, and culture to manifest the complexities of social, economic, and political power relations in the context of Pakistan. In order to construct a persuasive document of human history and social change, the rationale of this research is to expose Pakistani culture and society where Hegemony and Ideological State Apparatuses work to create further dichotomy and class faction among people. Furthermore, by discussing the features like democracy, ideology and hegemony– responsible for the creation of a conventional culture, the work reveals simplified yet unusual representation of native culture and society. The article also challenges the diverse inherent notions of military and politics that are responsible in shaping culture(s), ideologies and creating hegemony among the people. Thus, this research concludes that the complex interplay of ideology, hegemony, and culture in Mohsin's novel unveils the power dynamics in Pakistani society and encourages critical thinking and self-reflection towards constructing a fair and just society.

The Social Cognitive Context of Teaching in Public Sector Primary Schools of Punjab

Nokhaiz Tahzeeb — 2024-10-23

The aim of this research is to examine the application of social and cognitive approach in the teaching practices in public primary schools of Punjab. The social cognitive structure, established by Bandura, prioritizes the role of observational learning, in which kids pick up new behaviors and abilities by observing teachers and peers. The study emphasizes incorporation of modern instructional strategies to promote social, cognitive and emotional growth of kids. The setting is an urban district, Mandi Bahauddin, located in Punjab. Fifteen teachers from primary schools participated in semi-structured interviews to provide data for this qualitative study. The phenomenological approach has been used to examine the perceptions and experiences of primary school teachers regarding social and cognitive context of teaching.The research data is coded, evaluated, and compared with the concepts from the literature review and interview findings. The findings of this study show that teachers believe internal elements like motivation, attention, retention, and replication as well as observational learning have an impact on children's social and cognitive development. These learning aspects can be enhanced by incorporating modern tools and resources into teaching strategies. The study also recommends the need for regular updates in teacher training, curriculum and infrastructure for the improvement of educational outcomes in Punjab’s public primary schools.

Comparing Cultural Shifts and Universal Human Experience in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead by Tom Stoppard and Haider by Vishal Bhardwaj

Tayyeba Ashfaq — 2024-10-24

The study investigates Shakespeare’s universal human experience in Hamlet by comparing cultural shifts in two adaptations, what components of Shakespeare's original are retained or changed, and how speech and story advance. Meiliana believes that comparative literature explores connections between literary works, examining sources, topics, mythologies, genres, creative techniques, social movements, and trends, breaking traditional national and international boundaries, and determining universal human interactions. Shakespeare is one of the most significant writers in the history of literature, thus there is not much point in contesting that. His writings have been essential to any study of literature for centuries and have inspired innumerable popular and non-popular adaptations and imitators of his style. The research is a critique of the two Shakespearean play adaptations, Haider (2014) by Vishal Bhardwaj and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (1990), by Tom Stoppard based on rigorous and in-depth research into the scholarly debate around them.

Customers’ Delight: Missing Factors in Internet Banking: Case from National Bank of Pakistan

Shahbaz Zaki Warsi — 2024-10-24

The objective of this study is to foster the e-banking services that how convenience, internet knowledge, security and risk factors effects on customer delight. The rise of internet banking has dramatically changed how customers interact with financial institutions, making it essential for banks to identify the key drivers of customer delight. This research explores the critical factors that contribute to a satisfying internet banking experience, including user-friendliness, transaction efficiency, personalized services, and robust support. Data was collected from 657 customers of national bank limited in Pakistan with the help of questionnaire. Out of 657 responses 438 responses were selected for data analysis and responses with incomplete and missing information is excluded. The data is analyzed with the help of SPSS A results revealed that Convenience, and reliable assistance are crucial in fostering customer delight. As the regression analysis further identifies convenience as a significant predictor, confirming its impact on customer delight satisfaction. Furthermore, The regression analysis also supports perceived risk, indicating that higher perceived risk substantially increases customer delight satisfaction. The findings emphasize the significance of building trust and ensuring the security of online transactions. By understanding these factors, banks can optimize their internet banking services, enhance customer satisfaction, and drive business success.

Exploring Social Media Influencers' Attitudes toward Self-Improvement and Belongingness: The Mediating Role of Virtual Influencer Credibility on Brand Attitude

Ayesha Mehmood — 2024-10-24

The aim of this study is to clarify how social media influencers' perspectives on belonging and self-improvement affect young consumers' attitude towards the brand. The goal is to shed light on how self-improvement and a sense of belongingness affect brand preferences in the era of digital influencers by examining the mediating effect of virtual influencer credibility in influencing young consumers' perceptions and attitudes toward brands. A cross-sectional survey method, employing a positivist and deductive approach, was utilized to collect data from 154 participants. Data analysis was conducted using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to identify correlations between variables. The study utilized convenience sampling, along with a seven-point Likert scale. The findings provide light on many different aspects of influencer marketing and the evolving significance of influencers in the age of technology. As this offers insightful information about the complex patterns of self-improvement, Belongingness, and brand attitude in the world of social media influencers. The study also indicated that social media influencers' views on belonging and self-improvement have a big impact on young people's perceptions towards the brand. . This study adds to literature an original perspective on social media influencers and the relationships they have with belongingness, self-improvement, and brand attitude. By highlighting the fact that influencers are active drivers of social and personal change instead of just being spokespersons for brands, it creates an innovative model in the field of internet marketing.

Meaning of life with Existential Crisis among Muslim Young Adults

Sumaiyya Shahood Hashmi — 2024-11-01

This study aims to investigate existential anxiety and meaning in life among Muslim young adults in Pakistan, evaluating the extent of existential crises within this demographic. Advancements in technology and knowledge have made life increasingly robotic, leaving many struggling to find personal meaning. This disconnection often leads to existential anxiety and crises. While research in this field is sparse in Pakistan, addressing these existential concerns could provide insights into the mental health of young adults. A quantitative approach was used, with descriptive analysis performed using SPSS (22nd edition). Participants' responses were categorized as problematic or non-problematic, following Dr. Carl Weems' scale, which incorporates six components of existential anxiety (death, fate, emptiness, condemnation, guilt, and meaninglessness). Findings highlight the impact of belief systems, emotional support, and life situations in influencing existential anxiety levels. These insights could inform targeted therapeutic interventions aimed at alleviating existential anxiety among young adults in Pakistan.

Systematic Review: Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Learning in Elementary and Secondary Schools

Saira Bano — 2024-11-04

This study examines the role of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) in school education and its advantages for learning in elementary and secondary school contexts.Education is an important activity for individuals, communities, and societies, while learning is recognizing patterns in the information we receive.The GAI enables a tailored approach to learning, enhancing engagement and motivation. Some previousstudies have examined the usage of GAI in academic establishments and its impact on students and teachers. This study usedthe PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) methodology.Journals and conference papers were determined to be the most popular types of manuscripts utilized to report results in response to our established research questions. The study shows that GAI is an effective tool,for improving educational practices and learning outcomes but does not improve skills. The findings indicate that additional research is required to achieve more conclusive results and completely comprehend its impact on teaching and learning processes. Additional research helps highlight the potential benefits and limitations of schools.

Shifting Sands: From Alliance to Adversity Tracing Iranian-Israeli Relations before the Islamic Revolution and Envisioning Future Prospects amidst Political Transformation

Syed Rizwan Haider Bukhari — 2024-11-05

This article analyzes the shifting dynamics of Iranian-Israeli relations, focusing on the transition from cooperative ties before the 1979 Iranian Revolution to the antagonistic stance that followed. Initially, under the Pahlavi regime, Iran and Israel shared diplomatic and economic connections, driven by mutual interests in regional stability. However, the revolution marked a turning point, embedding ideological conflict and intensifying geopolitical tensions between the two nations. Using historical data and contemporary analysis, The findings suggest that Iran’s post-revolution ideology has fueled hostilities, while regional conflicts have widened the divide. A regime shift could open pathways for dialogue or further strain relations, depending on evolving priorities. To foster future diplomatic prospects, the article recommends engaging in backchannel diplomacy and utilizing third-party mediators to facilitate understanding and reduce conflict risks in this volatile region.

Relationship between Teachers’ Motivational Support and Students’ Achievement in Science Subjects at Secondary School Level

Zafar Khan — 2024-11-06

This study aimed to investigate the perceptions of secondary school science students regarding their teachers' motivational support and its relationship with their academic achievement in science subjects in district Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Science subjects are often seen as challenging and require substantial effort from students. A correlational research design was employed for this study. The sample consisted of 1,030 10th-grade students selected through a stratified sampling technique. Data were collected using an instrument that included demographic information, science subject marks, and items assessing students' perceptions of their teachers' motivational support. The findings revealed a significant positive correlation between perceived teacher motivational support and students' academic achievement in science subjects. Students who reported higher levels of teacher-provided motivational support tended to achieve better academic results in their science courses. The study recommends that science teachers implement and consistently use effective motivational strategies to enhance their students' academic performance. Understanding and applying motivation within the classroom context is essential for improving student outcomes and fostering greater participation in science-related fields.

Political Discourse and Strategic Communication: A Pragma-Stylistic Analysis of Imran Khan’s Interview with Deutsche Welle

Asma Nasir — 2024-11-07

This study explores how Imran Khan uses language strategically during his interview with Deutsche Welle (DW) on July 15, 2023, to shape public perception and communicate his political views. It looks at how Khan uses different language techniques, drawing on Grice’s theory of conversational implicature and Searle’s Speech Act Theory. These frameworks help analyze how Khan crafts his message through various speech acts—such as statements, requests, promises, and expressions—while also examining how he uses indirect communication (like implicatures) and specific stylistic choices (tone, word choice, rhetorical devices) to influence his audience. The findings show that Khan leverages these linguistic tools not only to assert his political position but also to build credibility and subtly guide how the public interprets key issues. His careful use of presuppositions and indirect messaging helps him frame political topics in a way that aligns with his broader objectives. By examining this interview, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of how political figures use language to control and direct discourse, revealing the complex relationship between language, power, and persuasion. It also opens the door for further research into how different politicians use similar strategies in varying contexts to influence public opinion. Additionally, the study investigates stylistic features such as tone, lexical choice, and rhetorical devices, alongside presuppositions that underpin Khan’s statements. And the findings reveal that Khan’s use of implicatures, speech acts, stylistic features, and presuppositions effectively enhances his rhetorical strategies, demonstrating a sophisticated interplay between language, context, and political objectives. This study contributes to the fields of pragma-stylistics and political communication by offering insights into the linguistic tactics of a prominent political figure, thus highlighting the intricate relationship between language and political power.

Role of Mass Media in the Economic Development of Pakistan: An Analysis

Asim Nawaz Abbassi — 2024-11-11

This study analyzes the role of mass media as a catalyst for economic development and its contribution to achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Human Development Index (HDI) benchmarks in Pakistan. Mass media is often regarded as the fourth pillar of the state for its role in informing the public, facilitating decision-making, and identifying policy gaps. In Pakistan, media has been pivotal in fostering awareness on various social issues, highlighting corruption, advocating for educational advancement, addressing healthcare challenges, and nurturing democratic values. Its influence in shaping public opinion on development-related matters is profound, particularly in relation to the SDGs. The study examines the impact of mass media on economic and social development through qualitative and quantitative analyses, utilizing surveys and case studies to gauge the extent of media's influence on public policy and awareness campaigns. Findings reveal that key attributes contributing to effective mass media in Pakistan include autonomy, adherence to high-quality standards, and extensive reach. These attributes enable media to effectively set the public agenda, influencing the achievement of SDG targets and improvements in HDI metrics. To enhance media's role in Pakistan's development, it is recommended that policies be formulated to further support media independence, improve journalistic standards, and expand media outreach, thereby strengthening its capacity to contribute to sustainable development.

The Effect of Positive Emotions on the Academic Engagement of Urban and Rural L2 Learners

Mubrrah Shafique — 2024-11-11

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of positive emotions on the academic engagement of L2 learners from urban and rural areas. This study was quantitative in nature and causal comparative research design was used for getting results. Convenience sampling technique was used for choosing students from urban and rural secondary schools of district Lahore. Both parts of the questionnaire used for the study, positive emotions (Positive Emotions Inventory) and academic engagement (Academic Engagement Guage), had a good reliability value (.71 and .76 respectively). Inferential statistics like Regression analysis was used to evaluate the data. Overall, the results showed that the positive emotions of enjoyment, contentment and compassion contributed significantly to cognitive and behavioral engagement of participants from both rural and urban areas. Whereas, pride, enjoyment and compassion contributed significantly to emotional engagement. Further, there was a significant difference in the emotion of hope between the participants from rural and urban areas. Whereas, no significant difference was found in the engagement of participants from rural and urban localities. It is recommended that rural schools should provide resources that support students' higher levels of pride, hope, enjoyment, and compassion. While, urban schools should offer opportunities for students to experience a wider range of positive emotions, not just contentment. L2 teachers may design activities and curricula that provide confidence to students and participate actively and think critically, enhancing their enjoyment, contentment, and compassion. They may ensure emotional engagement strategies boosting the feelings of hope and contentment.

Exploring the Impact of Smog on Mental Health in Lahore: A Qualitative Study

Aiman Rahim — 2024-11-18

This study aims to explore the psychological and emotional impacts of smog on the residents of Lahore, Pakistan, focusing on how air pollution affects mental health. Smog has been a persistent environmental issue in Lahore, leading to both short-term and long-term health consequences. While global research has linked air pollution to mental health problems, studies on its specific impact in Lahore are limited. Given the severity of smog in the region, it is crucial to understand its broader effects on the mental well-being of residents. A qualitative research design was adopted for this study. Twenty participants, aged 18 to 60 years, were selected through purposive sampling. In-depth interviews were conducted, and the data collected were analyzed thematically to identify key themes and patterns related to the psychological effects of smog exposure. The findings reveal that smog exacerbates anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairments among residents of Lahore. Participants also reported heightened stress, irritability, and sleep disturbances, all linked to prolonged exposure to poor air quality. This study emphasizes the urgent need for stronger environmental policies to address smog and its impact on public health. Additionally, it recommends implementing public awareness campaigns to educate residents about the mental health risks associated with air pollution.

Emerging Cyborg Identities: Gender, and Feminism in Foundryside through Gee and Haraway's Lenses

Dur e Shahwar — 2024-11-18

This paper aims to explore the gender identity of cyborg character Sancia in Robert Jackson Bennett’s novel Foundryside. Sancia represents the theoretical concept of emerging feminism as she is that part of a cyborg which can be considered as a new type of female figure. Through a close reading of Foundryside, this research examines Sancia’s changing identity. Using Gee’s (2014) discourse analysis approach, Sancia’s identity and activitiess are analysed in the selected passages of the text. This is followed by a discussion of how Sancia’s post-humanity breaks down and reconstitutes conventional feminine signs trough Harraway’s Lense. Findings of the study indicate that Sancia’s cyborg status erases the gender binary system since it fuses simplication/exteriorisation yet embraces an organic and mechanical. This emerging identity offers fresh perspective on how female cyborgs are constructed as self-steering, non-binary gendered characters in speculative fiction. Erasing the binary between man and machine, this research extends the framework of feminist posthumanism and opens up the scholarly discussion of gender identity in speculative fiction.

Learning Styles of Students and their Effect on Academic Achievement

Muhammad Amin — 2024-11-19

This study has been conducted to investigate the effects of different learning styles on students’ achievement. The objectives of the study were to investigate the effect, if any of the learning styles of students on their achievement. Second to point out which learning style performs better on achievement tests. This study is motivated by the work of Kolb (1984) and Mecleod (2017) as they provided the characteristics of learning with certain learning styles and how they prefer to learn. Four learning styles i.e. convergent, divergent, assimilators and accommodators have been identified using Kolb’s learning style inventory. This study was conducted using a true experimental research design. A post-test-only control group design has been used. Two groups experimental and control were developed. This experiment was conducted with 80 participants of grade 7th in the subject of general science. Each group i.e. experimental and control consisted of 40 participants. The participants were assigned to the groups based on their learning style and previous class results Through a matching technique. The experimental group was taught through differentiated/ tired lesson plans while the control group was taught through existing traditional teaching methods i.e. lecture method and sometimes questioning from teachers and students. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics. The results indicated that in the control and experimental group’s assimilators outperform other learning styles i.e. convergent, divergent, and accommodators. Students with different learning styles did not show significant differences on achievement tests either in the experimental or in the control group. However overall participants of the experimental group performed better than the control group. Hence it was concluded that learning styles make no difference in the achievement of the participants within the experimental and control group. But all the participants with different learning styles performed better when they were taught based on their learning styles. Hence more studies are recommended to test if learning styles have any effect on students' academic achievement. It is also recommended that learning styles-based teaching should be adopted as it increases the achievement of all the participants with any learning styles.

Adoption of Green Human Resource Management Practices in Pakistan: Case of Leather Industry

Hina Hameed — 2024-11-19

This study aims to examine the adoption and implementation of Green Human Resource Management (Green HRM) practices in Pakistan's leather industry, emphasizing their role in promoting environmental sustainability, operational efficiency, and competitiveness. Pakistan's leather industry is a significant contributor to the national economy but faces considerable environmental challenges. Green HRM practices, such as eco-friendly recruitment, training, performance management, and reward systems, present an opportunity to address these challenges and align industry operations with sustainability goals. The research employed a survey-based approach, gathering data from 394 organizations within the leather industry. The study assessed the extent of Green HRM adoption and explored factors influencing variability in implementation, such as resources, awareness, and organizational priorities. The findings indicate moderate adoption levels of Green HRM practices across the surveyed organizations. Variability in implementation was observed, driven by differences in organizational capacity and awareness. Key gaps were identified in the standardization of practices, comprehensive training programs, and alignment of HR initiatives with broader environmental objectives. To embed Green HRM as a strategic priority in Pakistan’s leather industry, the study recommends fostering industry-wide collaboration, providing policy support, and launching capacity-building initiatives. These efforts should focus on enhancing awareness, standardizing practices, and aligning HR strategies with environmental sustainability goals to drive a greener and more resilient industry.

Examining Cross-ethnic Relationships through Selective Novels of South Asian Writers

Nosheen Khaliq — 2024-11-20

Being a social animal man makes close relationships within his social circle and sometime makes proximal relationship beyond his surroundings that they go on through different cultures, surroundings and ethnicity. The research has focused on such pairing and highlighting the end results of proximal relationship specifically presented in the works of south Asian writer’s .Cross ethnic-culture encounters is the connection between people of different religions, nations and global regions. Mainly deals with Interpersonal relationship especially among men and women who belong to two different countries and culture through the lens of south Asian Writers specifically; The relationship of Arica and Changaz in Mohsin Hamid’s The reluctant Fundamentalist, The relationship of Hiroko and Sajad in “burnt Shadow by Kamila shamsi; Proximal Pairing of Ayah with Dil Nawaz in Ice Candy man by Bapsi Sidhwa, The relationship between Ashok and madam pinky in Arundhati Roy in The White Tiger. The relationship of Maxine and Gogol in Namesake by Jhumpa Lahiri This article particular applied theory of proximity was which was given by Theodor Newcomb in his book named ‘The Acquaintance Process’ in 1956.Ethnic relationships shows the end results and suggests some way or the other the proximal relationships between man and women belongs to different cultural background are problematic like sometime society is not giving them space and sometime over all cultural environment creating troubles for them. Much has been written about south Asian literature however the analysis of the text of the selective five novels from a proximal and interpersonal relationships perspective reveals the different situation of pairing with interesting outcomes and end results. A close examination of south Asian’s writers’ work will further our understanding of the proximal relationships and its consequences into different cultural and surroundings.

Comparative Study of Admissibility and Credibility of Child Witness under Law and Practice in Pakistan and India

Shabana Kauser — 2024-11-20

The object of present research is to compare the credibility of child witness in Pakistan and India and to determine how to determine and solve the issues of competency and admissibility of testimony of child witness is dealt in Pakistan and India with reference to international Human rights laws. Under Qanun-e-Shahadat, Article 3, the question of "who may testify" and the definition of a witness are covered. The article states categorically that everyone is competent to witness, with the exception of those whom the court determines are too young, infirm, or otherwise unable to grasp the questions asked of them or respond to them rationally. This article's clause makes it very plain that the presiding judge must only address the issue of a child's competency. This study is done by employing Doctrinal method and relied upon case laws and research articles written by scholars. Researcher drawn result that due to certain reasons during investigation and trail child witness is ignored. Researcher recommended that there may be a legal mechanism which provides a proper cover to child witness and during investigation a child witness could not be ignored and worth may be given to him/her.

CBT as a Therapeutic Approach for Mitigating Anxiety and Panic Symptoms: A Case Study

Javeria Mirza — 2024-11-20

Anxiety disorders are most common disorders among mental health issues; they are characterized by feelings of tension, worrisome thoughts and physical changes due to an unknown fear which could be real or anticipated. This case study highlights the psychological concerns of 37 years old married male client, who was suffering from panic and anxiety symptoms. He sought help for the panic, death anxiety and the physical symptoms of palpitation. This study is based on the application of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, which provided the basic necessary tools for the reduction of panic and anxiety symptoms. The effectiveness of the CBT technique echoed lessening of symptoms and asserted the success of therapy. The case study validated that the CBT techniques are very effective and helpful in reduction of panic and anxiety symptoms. This would help the professionals working in mental health sector to better understand the effectiveness of CBT techniques, to reduce the knowledge gap and help them to make better treatment modifications.

Effectiveness of Teachers’ Higher Qualification in Teaching-Learning Process

Lubna Quddus Warsi — 2024-11-22

The main objective of the study was to determine the effectiveness of teachers’ higher qualifications both academic and professional, in teaching-learning process at higher secondary level. The study followed descriptive quantitative research design. The sample size was 599 teachers, selected through a simple random sampling technique. A self-structured questionnaire consisted of 45 items was used. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques i.e., percentage, mean, standard deviation, independent sample t-test and ANOVA. Finding showed that teachers' perceptions of the effectiveness of highly qualified teachers in the teaching-learning process showed significant agreement on aspects such as expertise, knowledge sharing, teaching methodology, innovation, communication skills, and professional attributes. Similarly, teachers perceived that highly qualified teachers' roles are significant in increasing students’ academic performance. Moreover, highly qualified teachers successfully play various roles that contribute to maintaining an effective institutional climate. The study recommends that qualified teachers should be hired and also the existing faculty should make efforts to improve their academic as well as professional qualification.

Assessing the Factors influencing Employee Job Engagement in the NGO Sector of Sindh

Tahal Kumar — 2024-11-23

Employee Engagement is a prominent focus across sectors to understand the various factors that influence employees’ motivation and job involvement. Employee engagement means that a worker is fully absorbed in the job, experiencing a sense of energy, passion, and enthusiasm toward job activities. While its significance is well recognized, empirical research on the factors influencing employee engagement in the NGO sector of Sindh, Pakistan, remains scarce. The objective of this research is to investigate the impacts of job rewards, job autonomy, goal setting, career development, and perceived supervisor support on employee job engagement. By addressing this gap, the study seeks to provide actionable insights for enhancing employee engagement practices in this underexplored sector. The data were collected from 145 participants from the NGO Sector of Sindh, Pakistan. The data were analyzed using SPSS Version 27. The results revealed that there is a positive influence of job rewards, job autonomy, goal setting, career development, and perceived supervisor support on employee job engagement. To improve job engagement in the NGO sector, it is essential to strengthen areas such as reward systems, work autonomy, clear objectives, professional growth opportunities, and supportive leadership. By effectively implementing these strategies, organizations can foster a highly engaged, motivated, committed, and productive workforce that is aligned with their objectives, ultimately driving long-term success and growth.

Cyberbullying: Legal Challenges and Societal Impacts in the Digital Age

Syed Kaleem Imam — 2024-11-26

Cyberbullying is a critical issue in Pakistan, exacerbated by increased internet use and social media prevalence. This study investigates cyberbullying's psychological impact on victims, such as depression, anxiety, and social isolation, and highlights gender disparities, with women facing heightened vulnerability due to societal stigmas and underreporting. Pakistan’s legal response, notably the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) 2016, is analyzed, revealing challenges in enforcement and low conviction rates. The research compares Pakistan's situation to global trends, identifying shared obstacles in combating cyberbullying and advocating for international cooperation, including treaties like the Budapest Convention, to address its transnational scope. Technological solutions, like AI-driven detection, and public awareness campaigns are discussed as essential, along with parental involvement. The study concludes by calling for comprehensive legal, educational, and technological strategies to protect victims and ensure cyberbullies are held accountable.

Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Supply Chain Performance: Mediation Role of Supply Chain Resilience

Akram Rashid — 2024-11-27

Artificial intelligence is the fastest-growing technology in the current era. Its applications are spreading across all the industries. Every industry across the globe is transforming its operation from manual-based to artificial intelligence-based. Artificial intelligence-based technologies reduce the industry's human capital cost. This study aims to investigate the impact of artificial intelligence on supply chain performance. This study also aims to identify the role supply chain resilience plays. A quantitative-based approach was adopted to answer the questions raised. Primary data was gathered from 435 supply chain managers of different industries across Pakistan by a closed-ended questionnaire through judgmental sampling. The gathered data was analyzed via SmartPLS. From the results of this study, it was concluded that artificial intelligence-based technology has a significant impact on the performance of the supply chain departments across all the industries in Pakistan. The findings further also show that supply chain resilience plays a vital role in bridging the connection between artificial intelligence and supply chain performance. There are several recommendations for both the future researchers as well as for the industry management like the implantation of AI in industry and further exploratory study of this perspective.

Child Matrimony in South Asia: A Comparative Study of Marriage Legislation in India and Pakistan

Shuhab Ud Din Shaikh — 2024-11-28

This study examines the legal approaches to child marriage in India and Pakistan, focusing on India's consolidated Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006, and Pakistan's fragmented provincial laws post-18th Amendment. Employing qualitative methods, including document analysis and case law examination, the study compares legal provisions, enforcement practices, and judicial interpretations. Findings reveal that India's unified framework is more effective in reducing child marriage rates, providing consistent protections and enforcement mechanisms. In contrast, Pakistan's decentralized approach leads to legal inconsistencies, outdated provisions, and weaker enforcement, varying significantly across provinces. The study underscores the need for Pakistan to adopt a cohesive legal framework, proposing reforms such as raising the legal marriage age, nullifying child marriages, imposing stricter penalties, and enhancing enforcement. It concludes that a unified legal strategy is critical for Pakistan to eradicate child marriage, safeguard children’s rights, and align with global child protection standards.

Assessing the Role of Organizational Commitment in Leadership Style-Driven Organizational Development

Syed Shameel Ahmed Quadri — 2024-11-30

This research aims to examine the role of organizational commitment in leadership style-driven organizational development within Pakistan’s information technology (IT) sector. Leadership styles have a significant impact on organizational development, with organizational commitment acting as a potential mediator. The study investigates how different leadership styles influence organizational development and the role of employee commitment within Pakistan’s IT sector. A quantitative approach was adopted for this study. Data was collected through a survey questionnaire distributed to employees in both public and private IT organizations. The sample included supervisors (8.45%), middle management (26.76%), top administration (37.32%), and non-technical staff (13.38%). The survey targeted organizational levels and demographic groups such as age and work experience, utilizing established scales like the Multifactor Leadership Style Questionnaire (MLQ), Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI), and Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ). Descriptive statistics showed that top management represented the largest group of respondents (37.32%), with the majority of participants between 26-30 years old. Leadership styles were found to significantly influence organizational development, with organizational commitment playing a key mediating role. Employees with higher organizational commitment showed a stronger link between leadership styles and organizational development outcomes. IT organizations in Pakistan should focus on fostering organizational commitment through leadership development programs. Leadership styles that promote employee engagement and commitment can drive effective organizational development and enhance overall performance. Additionally, targeting leadership training at various organizational levels can help align leadership behaviors with organizational goals.

Treatment of Postpartum Depression via Guided Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Comprehensive Case Study

Ayesha Ahmad — 2024-12-05

This case study aims to analyze the efficiency of the guided internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) in treating postpartum depression (PPD) of a 29-year-old primiparous woman with moderate symptoms of sadness, guilt, and fatigue (EPDS: 17; GAD-7: 11). The client went through a standard iCBT program that was comprised of psychoeducation, behavioral activation, cognitive restructuring, mindfulness, problem-solving, self-compassion, and relapse prevention for client over eight weeks with weekly therapist guided therapy sessions. Clients showed significant improvement in symptoms of depression and anxiety in Post intervention assessment (EPDS: 6; GAD: 4). The flexibility of programs, well-structured content and therapist support during online sessions facilitated the engagement of client and highlighted the potential of iCBT as an accessible and effective treatment for PPD. This case shows that there is a need to conduct more research on the effectiveness of the treatment eventually to explore the possibility of implementing iCBT as an integral part of maternal mental health care.

Relationship between Teachers’ Attitude towards Technology and Digital Communication Skills at Primary Level

Mehak Liaqat — 2024-12-05

The main purpose of current study was to investigate the relationship between teachers’ attitude towards technology and digital communication skills at primary level. Present study was correlational in nature. Population of present study was comprised of all the teachers who were working in primary schools in city Sheikhupura. The sample size was comprised of 390 male and 324 female primary school teachers. Two survey questionnaires were adapted as instruments to collect data. The reliability of the instruments was .722 and .885 respectively. Data were analysed using inferential statistics. Research findings revealed a significant positive strong relationship between the teachers’ attitude towards technology and digital communication skills. There was no significant difference between primary school teachers’ attitude towards technology and digital communication skills at primary school level based on their gender and locality. Findings of the study recommended the vital role technology plays in fostering effective communication within the educational environment.

A Review on the Determinants of Financial Distress

Shahbaz Sharif — 2024-12-05

The aim of this review is to explore the key internal and external determinants of financial distress in corporate finance, providing a comprehensive understanding of the factors that influence financial stability and distress in businesses. Financial distress is a significant concern for businesses, investors, and policymakers, affecting the overall health and sustainability of firms. Internal factors such as liquidity management, profitability, capital structure, management quality, asset structure, and growth potential are critical in shaping a company's financial decisions. External factors, including market conditions, macroeconomic variables, industry-specific pressures, legal frameworks, and international exposure, further impact the financial health of firms. The review synthesizes empirical evidence from case studies and scholarly articles to analyze the interplay between internal and external determinants of financial distress. It examines various theoretical frameworks and models used to assess financial instability in different industries and market conditions. The findings highlight the critical role of governance and liquidity management in preventing financial distress. Companies with strong governance practices and efficient liquidity management are better equipped to withstand financial challenges. The analysis also underscores the influence of external factors, such as market conditions and regulatory changes, on a firm's financial position. Future research should focus on developing dynamic, real-time models that incorporate both financial and non-financial indicators of financial distress. Additionally, cross-industry comparisons and long-term perspectives should be considered to better understand emerging risks such as technological disruption and climate change, which pose significant challenges to business sustainability.

China’s Geopolitical Puzzle: Success in Middle East Mediation, Challenges in the South China Sea

Zafar Abbas — 2024-12-05

This article seeks to explain China’s aspirations in the SCS. China successfully acted as a mediator in the resolution of the Iran-Saudi dispute; nonetheless, the question arises: Why has China been unsuccessful in addressing the South China Sea (SCS) problem? This article offers an analytical framework, by applying the qualitative interpretivist approach, for comprehending China's goals in the SCS. By using the framework, we conclude that China seeks to assert de facto control over the SCS, which entails sovereignty over the contested islands and the capacity to regulate conduct in the adjacent seas. These goals are harmful to U.S. and allied interests. Results suggest that China’s success in the Middle East is attributed to its non-alignment and economic inducements, while assertive action in the SCS exacerbates regional resistance. This article recommends a more cooperative approach in the SCS for improving regional stability.

Inquiring about The Relationship between Spatial Design and the student’s Behavior in the Department of Architecture Using Space Syntax

Aneela Yaseen — 2024-12-09

The spatial Configuration of any building significantly affects occupants' interaction with one another; correspondingly, the spatial layout of the University's departments impacts students' social behavior. The objective of this research is to explain how spatial design relates to transgression. A review of the literature indicates that University students are prone to transgression, and less controlled areas, as well as highly deep spaces, are among the causes. This article uses Space Syntax as a conceptual framework theory, a tool for comprehending the connection between space and students’ community behavior, and examines the Department's spatial layout to highlight the spatial issues. A graph and the DepthmapX applications of the space syntax are used to find the connectivity and controllability of spaces. The investigation reveals that less controlled areas, as well as highly deep spaces in the Department, are prone to transgression. It is recommended to increase the controllability of the deeper spaces to avoid transgression.

Child Abuse Trauma and Criminal Behavior: Legislative Gaps and Preventive Measures in Pakistan

Shah Faisal Shah — 2024-12-12

This study investigates the relationship between childhood abuse and the likelihood of engaging in criminal or delinquent behavior in adulthood. It also evaluates Pakistan's legislative framework for child protection, highlighting gaps and inconsistencies, and proposes actionable recommendations to address these issues. The research employs a qualitative review based on interview questionnaires and legal documents, alongside empirical analysis, to explore the association between early trauma and criminal behavior. The legislative framework was designed to identify problems in definitions, preventive measures, and victim support systems. Findings reveal a strong link between childhood maltreatment and criminal tendencies in adulthood. Key issues include ambiguous definitions of child abuse, insufficient counseling provisions, and legislative inconsistencies, particularly concerning the age of majority. Routine disciplinary practices often overlap with abusive behaviors, further complicating child protection efforts. The study emphasizes the need for standardized definitions of child abuse, implementation of trauma counseling regulations, enhanced public awareness campaigns, and comprehensive rehabilitation programs to support victims and prevent recidivism.

Efficiency of Waqf Organizations in Pakistan: Data Envelopment Analysis

Madiha Hayat — 2024-12-13

The philanthropic sector of Pakistan is guided and rooted by the Islamic system of charity. Waqf is an important instrument of Islamic charity that has played a significant role in Islamic history by provided various public services to communities. Many public and private waqf institutions in Pakistan are deeply committed to serving society through a wide range of philanthropic activities. The objective of this research is to measure the efficiency of public and private (hybrid) waqf organizations in Pakistan. This research uses the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) a non-parametric approach, with output orientation and variable return to scale (VRS) assumption. A data sample of 100 hybrid waqf organizations was gathered during the period of 2021-2022. The result shows that waqf organizations in Pakistan, on average, remains technical efficient with an efficiency level of 74%. The pure technical efficiency score of large, medium and small size organizations were 75%, 85% and 88% respectively. The highest efficiency level of small size organizations could be due to their low operation costs and fewer employees. The overall scale efficiency level of waqf institutions is 89%. Pakistani waqf organizations can enhance efficiency by investing in technology, improving staff skills, and optimizing resource allocation. Strategic partnerships and government support can further boost their impact.

Multilingual Education and Acceptance of Cultural Diversity: Developing Sustainable Peace through Literacy for Mitigating Unrest in the Society

Sajid Hasan — 2024-12-15

This study explores the impact of multilingual education on promoting cultural diversity, sustainable peace, and mitigating social unrest. By examining the relationship between language, culture, and literacy, it was investigated that how multilingual education can foster acceptance and understanding among diverse communities. The research methodology used in this study was qualitative in nature. The self-developed research tool i.e the open ended interview guide was used. The fifteen interviews were conducted from the stake holders of educational experts and administrative officers of education and literacy departments of district Chiniot. The data was analysed through thematic analysis. The findings of study reflected that the multilingual education had important role in the development of sustainable peace in the society and mitigating the unrest among the people. The research also revealed that multilingual education programs can bridge cultural divides, promote inclusive learning environments, and enhance literacy skills, ultimately contributing to sustainable peace. It was recommended that the multilingual education should be made the part of curriculum so that it might be implemented at primary to tertiary level education.

Harnessing Digital Tools with Real-Time Feedback for Modern Coping Strategies and Impact of Resilience on Techno-Stress in Higher Education

Muhammad Jahangeer — 2024-12-16

This study aims at how to use digital technologies that provide real-time feedback for contemporary coping mechanisms, as well as how resilience affects techno-stress. The influence of information technology has introduced significant challenges for the students of modern higher education, especially in the form of techno-stress. There is a significant need for students to develop resilience and effective coping strategies to reduce its impact. The goals of the research were to examine the mediated role of students in undergraduate programs. The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), a Techno-stress Scale, along with coping style scale were used in this study; all three demonstrated excellent internal consistency through Cronbach's alpha values regarding.81,.82, and.84. According to the study's findings resilience and coping methods are positively correlated, but techno-stress and resilience are negatively correlated. As a recommendation, it was proposed that universities are encouraged to put certain policies into place to reduce academic pressure and foster a community that supports students’ social and intellectual needs.

Facebook Photo Activity Associated with Body Image Disturbances in Young Adults

Ayesha Tabassum Shaikh — 2024-12-17

The present research was extended and replicated to identify the Facebook Photo activity associated with Body Image Disturbances in young adults. Individuals around the world use social media for interaction. The problem arises when they start sharing their lives, as it leads to comparing self to others. 300 young adults (males & females) aged 19-40years were included. A quantitative correlational survey design was employed. Facebook and Total Internet Use (Rideout, 2010), Weight Satisfaction subscale of the Body-Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults (BES; Mendelson et al. 2001), Drive for Thinness a subscale of Eating Disorder Inventory (Garner et al., 1983), Sociocultural Internalization of Appearance Questionnaire (Keery et al., 2004), Physical Appearance Comparison Scale (PACS) (Thompson, Heinberg, & Tantleff-Dunn, 1991) and Self-Objectification Questionnaire (Noll & Fredrickson, 1998) were utilized. Research outcome suggested that young adults are satisfied with their weight and does not desire for a thin body image as it has been noted that social media sites now promote uneven body type and complexions to motivate individuals and increase empowerment. Different social media sites can also be explored with different age groups of cities across Pakistan.

Government Efforts for Women’s Uplift in Pakistan: Protection, Empowerment and Participation

Asia Saif Alvi — 2024-12-18

The objective of this study is to examine the measures and steps taken by various federal and provincial governments for improving the state of women rights and empowering them. Challenges that women face arise from a combination of cultural, historical, religious, political, and economic factors. The federal and provincial governments over the years have taken some measures in order to prevent and uphold women’s rights. Applying the qualitative approach, this empirical study evaluates the gender transformative politics. Different awareness campaigns and measures have been launched and at the same time specialized agencies in different regions of the country have been created. Parliamentary, Provincial and Local councils have seen a rise in women representation manifold. Governments should establish more facilities like Darul Amans. Many women are trained at vocational centers face challenges in marketing their products. Government departments should devise strategies to help these women.

Social Factors Influencing Tax Payment Behavior: An Empirical Study

Rabia Amin — 2024-12-20

This study examines how various social factors influence taxpayers' decisions to comply with tax regulations, with the objective of fostering voluntary tax adherence and improving tax collection efficiency. Tax compliance is essential for maintaining public finances and building trust between citizens and governments. Social elements such as perceptions of tax system fairness, societal norms, trust in government institutions, perceived benefits of tax contributions, and civic responsibility play a significant role in shaping tax compliance behavior. This study investigates these social factors through an empirical approach by analyzing their individual and collective impacts on taxpayers' willingness to comply with tax obligations. Data was collected and analyzed to understand the relationship between social influences and compliance behaviors. The findings highlight that an enhanced understanding and positive reinforcement of social factors, such as trust in governmental institutions and recognition of the benefits of tax contributions, can significantly boost voluntary compliance. The study reveals that fairness, societal norms, and a sense of civic responsibility are pivotal in shaping taxpayer behavior. Policymakers should focus on strategies to strengthen societal trust, ensure fairness in the tax system, and promote civic responsibility to improve tax compliance rates. Targeted social interventions and communication strategies can encourage voluntary tax payments and lead to more sustainable and efficient tax-collection systems.

The Effect of Work-Family Conflicts on Employee Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Work-Life Balance and the Moderating Role of Psychological Resources

Akhtar Mahmood — 2024-12-21

This study examines the impact of work-family conflicts on employee well-being across eight dimensions, emphasizing the function of work-life balance as a mediator. It primarily focuses on the telecom industry in Pakistan. The research also explores how personal resources, particularly psychological capital, moderate the association between work-family conflict and employee well-being. Work-family disputes can cause stress for employees and interfere with their well-being and work-life balance, according to the available literature on the subject. Stress will eventually turn into burnout if this circumstance persists for a long time, which will impact employee and organisational performance and output. Organizations and existing literature is waiting for solutions to improve employee performance in these inescapable situations. Employees of Pakistan telecom industries are the population of this study. The sample size is 395 participants. The data has been analyzed by using Preacher and Hayes' moderation-mediation models. Hayes' (2012) bootstrapping method has been used for mediation testing. Regression analysis has been used for testing of hypothesis. The results show how important is work-life balance for improving well-being and provide information on how organizations can reduce work-family conflict and encourage a more productive, healthy workforce. The findings suggest that work-family conflict adversely impacts employee well-being, which can be reduced by high levels of psychological capital and improved work-life balance. In the light of findings, organisations should create comprehensive policies to lower work-family conflict through family-friendly and flexible work arrangements. Moreover, to reduce the negative consequences of work-family conflict, employee development initiatives should incorporate training programs that promote psychological capital, specifically hope, resilience, and self-efficacy.

Intimate Partner Dynamics: An Evidence Perspective on Women's Reproductive Health from Okara Cantonment

Shehnaz Baqer — 2024-12-21

This research sought to look into how intimate partner relationships affect women's reproductive health-more closely within socio-cultural contexts that constrain autonomy. The study ought-after objectives include identifying how communication possesses an impact on contraceptive usage and family planning; analyzing the role of partner involvement in accessing maternal health service; examining the association between decision-making autonomy and reproductive health; and investigating the links between intimate partner violence and reproductive health behavior. In order to collect quantitative data-an enumeration exercise involving 367 married women in Okara Cantonment-was completed using structured questionnaires. Chi-square analysis revealed that 86% of respondents had access to antenatal healthcare; however, socio-cultural norms, intimate partner violence, and economic dependency posed significant barriers to autonomy. It was found that shared decision-making was significantly correlated with health outcome improvements (χ² = 94.299; p < 0.001). This research highlights the implication of gender sensitivity in policy, community driven interventions and also engaging the male members of the community in challenging harmful norms, empowering women and achieving equitable reproductive health outcomes.

Exploring Reading Anxiety among EFL Learners at Intermediate Level: A Study Conducted in Rahim Yar Khan

Zeshan Ali — 2024-12-21

This study explores the influence of reading anxiety on the English speaking proficiency of intermediate-level English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. By examining the correlation between reading anxieties and speaking skills, it provides valuable insights for educators and curriculum developers to design strategies and materials that mitigate anxiety and improve language learning outcomes. Conducted in Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan, the study employed a quantitative approach using the Foreign Language Reading Anxiety Scale (FLRAS) to gather data from 300 randomly selected students. Correlation analysis and descriptive statistics revealed a significant impact of reading anxiety on learners' speaking proficiency, conversational participation, and overall language competence. The findings emphasize the importance of addressing reading anxiety in EFL instruction and suggest that teachers adopt targeted strategies to create a supportive learning environment. This research underscores the critical role of reducing reading anxiety to enhance EFL learners' speaking skills and overall language development.

Theoretical Review of Drivers of Sustainable Corporations: The Function of Human Resource Analytics and Big Data Analytics

Kanwal Bilal — 2024-12-21

This work is exploring the theoretical review on drivers of sustainable corporations. Organizations are being urged more and more to embrace methods that support prospective economic and social viability in addition to achieving ecological conservation as the world moves towards a more sustainable future. Human resource (HR) development is one crucial area where sustainable practices may become established. The integration of big data as well as personnel analytics in HR ventureshelp enhances the sustainability of an organization, employee well-being, and workforce performance. This is a conceptual paper that explains the role these analytical tools can play in enabling business sustainable practices. The application of such methods of analysis to promote ethical company behaviors is explored in this theoretical work. The primary considerations that assume real-world occupation choices, the contribution of information based on data to better making choices, and the more general outcomes for the viability of a company are all highlighted. Management professionals can use these technologies for predicting future trends, enhance employee well-being, optimization of workforce management, and data-driven decisions aligned to sustainability goals.

Economic Rivalries in Asia: A Case Study of India and China

Ammara Tariq Cheema — 2024-12-21

This research pertains to the economic competition between China and India and looks into the effect of this competition on regional stability, economic corridors, and multilateral cooperation. The objectives of this study include an investigation of the historical and current factors that have sustained the competition and appraisal of how this rivalry creates an impact on regional economic corridors. Also, the study's objectives include assessment of the effect of this rivalry for multilateral cooperation in Asia. The condition of territorial disputes and strategic competition between the two countries explains the ongoing rivalry, while the methodology is qualitative regarding geopolitical and economic and infrastructure resources. The findings reveal that the current rivalry is very much fragmented with regard to regional cooperation because it allows a steady integration of processes and ultimate stability. Therefore, the study recommends enhancing these bilateral dialogues and increasing multilateral cooperation, including transparent infrastructure developments.