Pakistan Social Sciences Review

Mediocre Demons: Marginalized but Implicated Subject Changez in Mohsin Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist

Batool Rao — 2025-01-02

The objective of this research is to prove, that Changez in The Reluctant Fundamentalist (2007) by Mohsin Hamid is an implicated subject. The idea of implicated subject was introduced by Michael Rothberg (2019), according to him implicated subjects hold such positions in which they can be found associated with and getting benefits from structure of power and at the same time they consciously or unconsciously ignore the violence perpetuated by that powerful structure. The research is conducted after textual analysis, that is, the approach is Qualitative. The research concludes that Changez was caught in complex implication as he was marginalized by one way, but he can still be an implicated subject in another way. The present research recommends that the trauma narratives need to widen its scope by not only reflecting upon perpetrators and victims but also bringing in attention the role of implicated subjects in the perpetuation of trauma.

Exploring the Role of Language and Ecology in Fatima Bhutto’s The Shadow of the Crescent Moon

Muhammad Ajmal — 2025-01-03

The objective of the study is to analyze the connectedness of language and ecology in The Shadow of the Crescent Moon by Fatima Bhutto. Stibbe (2015) theoretical framework provides the basis for content analysis and explores how language serves in forming the sense of place, identity and landscape and how it finally influences the perception of the environment by the reader. It attempts to consider how the language reflects the writer's choice concerning regional dialects and indigenous languages, and choice in view of the close relationship that exists between language, culture and ecology. The findings demonstrate the effects of language and ecological motifs in Fatima Bhutto’s The Shadow of the Crescent Moon and help to understand the author’s concept of environmental deterioration and political conflicts as well as the impact of language on the development of ecological awareness.

Women Portrayal in Contemporary Pakistani Films

Saba Sadiq — 2025-01-05

Media became the strong force in shaping and making global village. Cinema is the source of making cultural and traditional norms specifically gender based. Pakistani Cinema faces different phases while it’s developing stages. In the current era, it has been revived and focus on important aspects of society. This study aims to find the women portrayal in contemporary Pakistan films that how their depiction has been changed from docile being towards empowered roles who challenged the patriarchal ideologies and struggled for their rights. It works to highlight the women portrayal in contemporary Pakistani films that either it reinforce the gender stereotypes or present them in strong characters. The women portrayal before revived cinema did not address the women’s issues by representing them docile and dependent creature. The inattentive address on women’s concerns was the main reason of Pakistani cinema down fall. After the revival, Pakistani films emphasize on women’s portrayal by presenting their problems and positive image. It is a qualitative study and critical discourse analysis applied to see the focus of women’s portrayal in-depth in the contemporary films based on themes. The results shows that contemporary Pakistani films promoting women’s strong place in the society and making contributions towards their positive portrayal by discussing their issues and presenting struggles of them in the male dominated culture. The women in this film era achieve their goals towards empowerment and cross the hurdles of societal pressures. This study focuses on the feminist discourse in contemporary cinema regarding women portrayal that would develop more balanced gender portrayal in films to educate and contemplate the viewers. The research opens new avenues for cinema research and would benefit women in society by reducing patriarchal practices. It will also facilitate in policy making of cinema goers to come up with such productions that provide balanced gender portrayals and use this medium effectively to address the women's issues existing in Pakistan.

Environmental Issues and the Interconnection between Humanity and Nature in Shakespeare's King Lear: An Ecocritical Perspective

Saima Yousaf Khan — 2025-01-07

The objective of the study is to analyze how the natural world is represented in Shakespeare's King Lear and its relationship with the human condition, focusing on themes such as ecological disruption, human hubris and the interdependence of all living beings. Shakespeare uses the storm as metaphorical and realistic symbol of ecological disharmony which mirrors social instability in romantic and political relationships. The research is qualitative in nature and uses content analysis by utilizing ecocriticism as a theoretical framework. The study also shows how people such as Lear and Gloucester transform from beings who view nature as something over which they have power over to beings who have to bow to the force of nature. The implications of the study are akin to the agenda of ecocriticism as the play raises the concern of human nature’s detachment from nature and that nature should be preserved in order to achieve social-cohesiveness.

Exploring the Role of School Leaders in Addressing the Issue of Teachers’ Retention in the Context of Karachi Pakistan

Muhammad Abdullah Farooq Javed — 2025-01-08

This study investigates the role of school leaders in addressing the issue of teacher retention in semi-government schools, located in Karachi, Pakistan. By applying a qualitative case study methodology, it gathers insights, through semi-structured interviews, from principals and teachers regarding leadership practices and their impact on teacher retention. Thematic analysis reveals that effective leadership practices, such as professional development, mentorship programs and supportive work environments, significantly enhance teacher satisfaction and retention. However, challenges like bureaucratic barriers and limited resources hinder these efforts. The findings highlight the need for policy reforms and greater support from educational authorities to overcome these obstacles. This research contributes to understanding educational leadership and teacher retention, emphasizing the unique context of Karachi’s semi-government schools. It also offers practical recommendations to strengthen leadership practices, helping sustain teacher retention in these institutions.

The Two-Nation Theory: Historical Roots, Political Implications and Contemporary ‎Relevance

Khizar Jawad — 2025-01-09

The paper then aims to study the historical background of this theory, analyse the political impact of the Two-Nation Theory and evaluate on the significance of Two-Nation Theory in the modern world. Born in colonial India it was based on the view that Hindus and Muslims constituted two nations with sheer cultural and religious dissimilarities; which paved way for demand for Pakistan. The study employs historical, descriptive and analytical research method which includes colonial documentation, speeches and secondly a historical analysis of literature review of communalism and partition. The study progress identifies that the theory formulated through analyzing British colonial policies, reform movements within communalism and the political awakening of Muslims to Partition 1947. Since the early 1990s, this theory has been widely worked over, and its nature present impacts the nature of bilateral relations between India and Pakistan and the internal socio- political situation in both countries. It suggests preserving cultural memories to foreground common histories, encouraging religious tolerance and resolving competing communal claims through appreciable polices in South Asia.

Stakeholder Participation in Local Healthcare Governance and Development under UN SDG-3: Strategies for Decentralized Coordination, and Role Definition: Lessons from Pakistan

Sulman Naeem Mirza — 2025-01-10

This research aim to explore role of stakeholders and participation in improving access to healthcare and social care systems for local communities, (background) especially in relation to UN SDG-3 and focuses on development and service delivery within the local government framework. This study utilize a (Method) qualitative research approach and employed semi-structured interviews to collect insights from the government officials. The results reveal that collaborative involvement improves operational efficiency and health-care outcomes while promoting equitable access to health care services for marginalised communities. However, these benefits are often undermined by self-centred conflicts and interests rooted in entrenched malpractices and political agendas, leading to further marginalization. This study also highlights (recommendations) the significance of inclusive governance structures that prioritize mechanisms of engagement with marginalised communities ensuring their needs met. Moreover, it contributes to stakeholder theory by stressing the necessity of addressing power dynamics in building sustainable healthcare systems that meet the needs of native communities, predominantly those that face marginalization.

Neocolonialism through Neo-Liberal Institutionalism: Unleashing FATF’s Manipulation of Pakistan driving Policy Changes

Muhammad Saqib Nawaz — 2025-01-10

The objective of this study is to explore the neoliberal institutionalization is towards realism than to liberalism because international order has been designed and not destined in a way to restrict the decision making power exclusively to the Masters. IGOs like FATF are utilized as mere tools to legalize the agenda undertaken by the Masters. It is done in a legal sense by ‘internationalization’ of laws without keeping into consideration municipal laws and legal system. Economically it is done by promoting notions of ‘free market’ and ‘corporatism’ and politically by promoting western democratic values to be adapted in the name of ‘peace’ and ‘shared community’. The methodology is used in this research is mix method research has been conducted to highlight FATF’s neocolonial agenda to maintain the status quo in international relations and system. Published documents by FATF have been analyzed on jurisprudential basis to unleash geopolitical interests of so called apolitical technical organization. The result of this study Pakistan has been critically analyzed as per FATF’s standards and a distinction has been created between ‘terrorism’ and ‘terror’ thus proving that there is no alternative for the LDCs in the international order except to obey the Masters. This study recommends that democratic values should be preferred over power politics, assessment process, helping to achieve its outcomes. FATF should not be used to put pressure of sanctioning on the states.

Comparative Analysis of Parents’ and Teachers’ Perceptions of Schoolchildren’s Psychological Well-being and Resilience-building

Rabia Munir — 2025-01-10

The objective of this research was to investigate parents’ and teachers’ perceptions of schoolchildren’s psychological well-being and resilience-building as influenced by virtual violence (from cartoons, animated movies and video games), bullying, and socioeconomic status. Building resilience is crucial for schoolchildren to improve and sustain psychological well-being, enabling them to perform at their best in daily life. For this qualitative study, conducted in rural areas of six districts (Southern Punjab, Pakistan), a multistage sampling procedure was used to recruit 96 stakeholders (48 teachers and 48 parents) for semi-structured interviews. The results reveal that parents’ approach to psychological challenges is largely reactive whereas teachers adopt a broader, more holistic perspective to foster resilience-building in schoolchildren. Considering the poverty level in rural South Punjab and its connection with students' significant psychological challenges, this research recommends that the provincial government train school management and teachers to engage parents effectively and incentivise parents' participation in parental guidance programmes.

A Structural Perspective of Market Orientation and its impact on Quality Assurance: A Study of Public and Private Universities in Pakistan

Ahsan Javaid — 2025-01-10

This study examines the structural dimensions of Market Orientation (MO)—formalization, departmentalization, and centralization—and their impact on Innovation Capability (IC) and Quality Assurance (QA) in Pakistani higher education institutions (HEIs). Understanding the interplay between MO, IC, and QA is critical for enhancing institutional performance and aligning HEIs with global standards. Data were collected from 350 respondents, including 190 from private and 160 from public universities, using a structured questionnaire. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied to assess the direct and indirect relationships among the variables in PLS-SEM. The findings indicate that MO significantly influences IC and QA, with private universities demonstrating stronger mediating effects of IC due to their agile structures and competitive orientation. In contrast, public universities face bureaucratic challenges limiting innovation. The study recommends reducing centralization in public universities and promoting interdisciplinary collaboration while encouraging private universities to sustain their innovation-driven strategies. These insights support policymakers in pursuing structural reforms for sustainable development.

Misuse of Social Media: Impacts on Pakistan Politics

Sudaish Kumari — 2025-01-11

Social media, which provides unmatched chances for interaction and discussion, has completely changed political communication in Pakistan. However, its abuse has made democratic government and processes extremely difficult. This study explores the various ways that social media abuse has a detrimental influence on Pakistani politics, such as the proliferation of false information, the intensification of political division, the increase in cyberbullying, and the swaying of public opinion by trolls and bots. To demonstrate the disastrous effects of uncontrolled social media use, real-world examples are analyzed, including the 2018 general elections and the way social media shapes public opinion during political campaigns. The report also emphasizes the moral dilemmas raised by data exploitation and micro targeting, which jeopardies voter openness and privacy. Qualitative methodology used in this study to explore, and describe the misuse of social media and its impact on politics. To go forward and reach a conclusion, research would have utilized both descriptive and analytical methodologies.It suggests Strong regulatory frameworks, improved media literacy, and the adoption of moral political behavior are all necessary to address these issues. By putting these strategies into practice, the negative consequences of social media abuse can be lessened, guaranteeing that these platforms function as instruments for positive political participation rather than as vehicles for disinformation and division. To maintain the integrity of Pakistan's democratic institutions, governments, platforms, and users must work together immediately, as this thorough analysis highlights.

Examining the Role of Workplace Safety in Mitigating Employees’ Presenteeism and Procrastination through the Lens of Islamic Work Ethics

Nyela Ashraf — 2025-01-13

This study intends to explore the moderating role of Islamic work ethics in measuring the impact of Workplace safety on employees’ presenteeism and procrastination behavior. IWEs ensure accountability and strong commitment to the brilliance by motivating employees to be diligent on their tasks. Such motivation reduces procrastination by fostering a secure work environment. Employing the data gathered from 200 university workers through questioners, the study used regression to explore how a secure work environment contributes to control the negative behaviors and investigates the ethical framework defined by IWEs in improving the workplace efficiency. The results confirm that workplaces security has a negative and strong association with presenteeism and procrastination, underlining the significance of producing a safe and supportive work framework to promote workers’ well-being. Furthermore, the findings show that IWE weakens the association among workplace security and workers’ attitude as employees led by ethical values demonstrate less inclinations towards presenteeism and procrastination. This study underlines the strong role of workplaces security and ethical principles in promoting productive workplaces, providing precious insights for companies seeking to improve workers’ productivity and performance.

Harnessing Data Science for Sectoral Efficiency in the Governance Framework of the Punjab

Rana Eijaz Ahmad — 2025-01-13

Analyzing the Evolution of China-Taiwan Relations: US as a Factor

Ayesha Atiq — 2025-01-15

The purpose of this study is to discuss role of US in China-Taiwan relations. According to Colonel Skinner, the resolution of the ROC dispute between PRC and the U.S. remains uncertain but possible. Given the longstanding involvement of the U.S. in this issue, it is likely to persist for many years into the future. What we are talking about here is one of the most dangerous flashpoints in the world, where there is a potential for hot war involving America and PRC. For PRC, this is an atavism from its civil war tension and Cold War past which was never resolved then but has become infinitely more urgent now. There are many people in the American who ask themselves: "Why do we have to pay so much for ROC and help her, especially since fighting over it could result in a nuclear standoff with mighty PRC?" The same, is necessary to understand what makes PRC so determined in its quest for ROC that they are willing to risk other political and economic ends. Employing a power-theory approach, this qualitative study investigated multiple sources of data: books, journals and the internet. The behavior of the United States in fact did a lot to put things where they are today menacingly poised as evidenced by military aid, ambiguous affirmation or dispute over territorial claims on PRC against ROC base upon political convenience and for the economic-cultural health linkages built. It recommends phasing out American ambiguity toward ROC in support of a more impartial American mediation approach towards the PRC-ROC issue. A true mediator is supposed to remain neutral in order to help both parties reach a peaceful solution.

Need of Judicial Reforms in Pakistan: Ensuring Accountability and Transparency in Courts

Danish Bashir Mangi — 2025-01-15

A strong legal system, founded on the sacred principles of justice, forms the bedrock of a civilized society. Unfortunately, Pakistan’s legal framework has not kept pace with the burgeoning demands of its people, leading to a backlog of cases, delayed justice, and widespread disillusionment. The primary objective of this paper is to give those reforms which can help in reducing the burden of cases since there are approximately more than two million cases that are undergoing trial in Pakistani courts. Justice in Pakistan has become a myth and an unaccessible tool due to delay in justice which is basically its denial and some of the reasons are discussed in this Article. The methodology used in this paper is Doctrinal and data is collected from Various Books, Articles, blogs and news papers. In Pakistan, Justice has become both a dream and an impossible goal so at first instance the research discuss the need of reforms, Secondly The study differentiate the reasons in non delivery of justice and delayed delivery of justice, In result this Article contributes in minimizing the culture of Adjournments and system of unaccountability in Pakistan specially in lower courts, so the justice can be prevailed, In the end it suggests the Practical Reforms in a very detail for revival of justice in Pakistan.

Territorial Tensions between China and India: Impacts on Regional Security

Uswa Tubassam — 2025-01-17

Territorial tensions between China and India in the regions along the LAC, such as along the Himalayas, raise significant regional security concerns across Asia. Such long-pending disputes with military face-offs and diplomatic friction tend to affect not only both countries' stability but that of the Indo-Pacific region overall. The study examines how these tensions are influencing regional security and suggests what can be done to mitigate the threat of war. Some key strategies for preventing war involve strengthening diplomatic dialogue, augmenting confidence-building measures, increasing economic interdependence, and encouraging multilateral cooperation. In addition, the study suggests conflict prevention mechanisms, increased participation by world players, and initiatives towards redressing the underlying historical and territorial disputes. Qualitative approach adapted to explore the issues between these two countries and its impact on regional security. By focusing on constructive diplomacy, mutual understanding, and collaborative security frameworks, the study underlines the pathways through which China and India can settle their disputes peacefully and bring about long-term stability and prosperity in the region. India and China must cooperate in the multilateral framework of the SCO and the ARF. This would strengthen the regional security dialogues to bring them closer together and promote cooperation on issues of shared challenge such as terrorism, climate change, and nontraditional security threats.

Evaluating the Cultural and Social Impacts of the 2009 Military Operation in Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK): A Case Study of Operation Rah-e-Rast

Muhammad Mehmood Khan — 2025-01-22

This study seeks to explain the implications of military operation in Swat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK). In May 2009, Pakistan launched Operation Rah-e-Rast to reclaim control of the Swat Valley from Taliban insurgents challenging state authority. This extensive military campaign had both positive and negative impacts on the region. This study offers an analytical framework, by applying qualitative approach to examine the social and cultural outcomes of the Rah-e-Rast operation, focusing on the various losses experienced by civilians. Despite its success in combating militants, the kinetic nature of the operation caused significant destruction, adversely affecting the local infrastructure, education system, economy, tourism, and the cultural and psychological well-being of the residents. The resulting devastation hindered the region's development and left the threat of the Taliban lingering. This research is valuable and offers recommendations for policymakers and future researchers, helping them address the concerns of the affected population, formulate more effective policies, and adopt softer approaches for achieving long term peace.

Ranking Major Cities of Punjab, Pakistan: A Multi-Dimensional Sustainability Assessment

Nabeela Kousar — 2025-01-24

This study evaluates the sustainability of six major cities in Punjab, Pakistan, through a multi-dimensional assessment spanning from 2003 to 2022. The cities were ranked based on six key dimensions e.g (economy, infrastructure, cultural aspects, resource consumption, environmental factors and social factors) of sustainability by using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and an overall ranking was calculated by Composite Indices Scores. The findings reveal that Faisalabad and Bahawalpur exhibit relatively higher sustainability in aggregate scores, while Lahore and Rawalpindi perform poorly. Sargodha (-32.54) and Multan (-6.88) appear moderately under-performer. Bahawalpur and Faisalabad's favorable performance is attributed to lower population density, minimal changes in cultivation areas, reduced pollution levels, and lesser pressure on resources compared to Lahore and Rawalpindi. The study concludes and recommends policies i.e formulation of data driven strategies, modernize infrastructure, to reduce disparities among cities and promote overall development of the province.

Climate Change Damages to Agricultural Loan Recoveries and Financial Stability: A Fresh Insight from a Developing Country

Fakhr Ul Wahab — 2025-01-24

This study investigates the impact of expected loan recoveries on the financial stability of Pakistani banks that are providing agricultural loans. The study explores short and long-run relationship, as well as its consideration of control variables and the potential impact of climate change factors on agricultural loans that add original insights to the existing literature on the nexus of farmers’ loans and banks stability in Pakistan. This study assesses the impact of climate-induced losses to loan recoveries on the financial stability of Pakistani banks engaged in providing agricultural loans for the sample period from 2000 to 2021 in the presence of control variables such as non-performing loans, profitability, equity-to-liabilities ratio, and retained earnings-to-total assets ratio. It constructs a specially designed composite index to measure Climate Change based on long-term weather data and employ the ARDL (Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag) technique to estimate the short and long-run association of expected loan recoveries on the financial stability of Pakistani banks. This study finds that the recovery of agricultural credit from farmers has a negative impact on the financial stability of banks in the short run but a positive impact in the long run. This indicates that banks may be insuring agricultural credits against damage due to climate change factors such as heavy rains out of season and extreme temperatures. This study suggests the importance of strong collaborations with private-public partnerships to ensure the effective utilization of agricultural loans on the micro-level to avoid financial instability.

Assessing the Impact of Financial Stress Shock Volatility in the USA on the Exchange Rates of Emerging Economies

Ramshah Tajammal — 2025-01-26

This study examines the influence of the USA's Financial Stress Index (FSI) on the Exchange Market Pressure Index (EMPI) of ASEAN countries, focusing on how both positive and negative FSI shocks affect exchange rates under different market conditions.
Global financial stress causes currency volatility, which threatens investor confidence, trade competitiveness, and economic stability in emerging economies. The research uses a non-linear Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model to analyze the asymmetric relationship between FSI shocks and EMPI in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand, categorizing the effects into low, normal, and high exchange market pressure regimes. The study finds that both positive and negative FSI shocks affect the exchange rates of ASEAN countries, with high-pressure regimes amplifying the risks of currency crises. Policymakers should focus on understanding financial stress transmission, strengthening domestic financial systems, and developing proactive risk management strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of global financial volatility.

Theoretical Foundation and Power Mechanism of Sports for Rural Revitalisation

Qu Qiumei — 2025-01-28

Based on the background of rural revitalisation strategy, this study focuses on ‘the theoretical basis and driving mechanism of sports for rural revitalisation’. With the in-depth implementation of the national strategy of rural revitalisation, sports are playing an increasingly significant role in fostering the social and economic advancement of rural areas. The object of the study is mainly the development of sports in rural areas and its role in promoting rural revitalisation. The research method adopts literature review to deeply analyse the theoretical basis and practical path of sports to help rural revitalization. The findings of the study show that sports can effectively contribute to rural revitalisation, with a solid theoretical foundation and diversified power mechanisms. In the future, the potential of sports in rural revitalisation should be further explored to promote the deep integration of sports with rural economy, culture, society and other fields, so as to contribute more to the implementation of rural revitalisation strategy.

Development and Validation of The Cultural Stressors Assessment Scale for Unmarried Young Adults

Sibgha Irshad — 2025-02-04

This study aimed to develop a culturally sensitive scale to assess stressors among the unmarried Pakistani population. Eco-Cultural Stress theory of Weisner was used as a theoretical model. A total of 500 individuals were selected through convenient sampling. In first step, focus group was conducted with 8 participants that generated 45 items. In Stage 2, items were reviewed based on expert consultation. Then for Pilot Testing, the scale was administered to 200 participants. Exploratory Factor Analysis was performed on 300 participants, confirming a KMO of 0.808.EFA resulted in a 36-item. Confirmatory Factor Analysis confirmed a 20-item scale consisting of two factors. The 20 item scale demonstrated test-retest reliability (0.861*). Convergent validity checked against the Perceived Stress Scale was (0.61). Discriminant validity assessed using the General Self-Efficacy Scale was (0.13). This scale can be used by professionals to enhance the mental health of young individuals.

Evolution of Anti-poverty Efforts in Pakistan 1947-2020

Qu Qiumei — 2025-02-12

Initially, following independence, the country faced numerous challenges, including widespread poverty. Early anti-poverty policies focused on infrastructure development, agricultural reforms, and social welfare initiatives. However, the effectiveness of these policies was limited due to factors such as political turmoil, economic instability, and social inequality. Pakistan's government adopted more proactive measures to address poverty.The object of this paper is to analyse the economic development of Pakistan at different stages of its history and the changes in the specific manifestations of poverty, and to analyse the future direction of Pakistan's anti-poverty policies and coping strategies based on past experiences. The use of quantitative and qualitative data to assess the effectiveness and challenges of anti-poverty policies contributes to subsequent improvements. To combat poverty effectively, Pakistan needed comprehensive anti-poverty strategies that could address the root causes.

Unmasking Identity: Analyzing Race, Gender and Societal Issues in Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man

Rajendra Prasad Bhatt — 2025-02-13

Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man is a reflective exploration of race, gender, identity, and systemic oppression in mid-20th-century America. The narrative follows an unnamed narrator who struggles to define his identity in a society that refuses to see him beyond racial stereotypes. This paper aims to analyze Ellison’s Invisible Man by focusing on the metaphorical concept of invisibility, the intersection of racial and gender dynamics, and the protagonist’s transformative journey. Employing thematic analysis approach and close readings of key episodes and characters, this study investigates Ellison’s critique of societal hierarchies and cultural identity. By examining the novel’s historical context and Ellison’s own insights, it provides a deeper understanding of Ellison’s works and messages about social oppression and identity. The findings of this study highlight the novel’s enduring relevance in discussions of systematic marginalization, the struggle for self-definition, and the power of resistance. The protagonist’s invisibility symbolizes the erasure of Black individuals in a racist society. The novel also explores the intersection of race and gender, highlighting how different forms of oppression shape identity. This research establishes Invisible Man as a cornerstone of American literature, resonating deeply with ongoing struggles for equality, freedom and social justice.

Feminist Outrage on Social Media and other Electronic Media Platforms Post US-Elections: Digital Feminism is the Last Recourse of the Left

Fizza Batool — 2025-02-17

This research aims to identify the hurdles modern feminist theory has to deal with in terms of its political relevance. The paper attempts to examine how the feminist movement and the political concerns of the left echo in an abyss, failing to build any narrative or discourse. It demonstrates the creation of blurred lines by the manipulation of the feminist movement with regard to political victimization. This study incorporates the framework of power and politics offered by Michel Foucault and the idea of sovereignty by Nietzsche in order to evaluate the harms to the feminist movement has to cater to in the modern context of political paradigm shifts. This paper necessitates the left movement and feminism to utilize digital platforms to radicalize itself in the contemporary period.

Sino-Iran Deal Prospects and Challenges for Pakistan

Muhammad Mateen — 2025-02-18

This study examines the repercussions of Sino-Iran comprehensive strategic partnership for Pakistan, focusing on both economic opportunities and strategic challenges. Essentially, China’s quest of energy security and Iran’s insolence of the US sanctions have fostered a closer bilateral relationship, impacting regional geopolitical landscape. Given Pakistan’s strategic location and infrastructural developments driven by the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, this agreement offers significant economic opportunities with the potential to cause momentous geopolitical transitions. The study employs qualitative content analysis to analyze the opportunities and challenges associated with the Sino-Iran partnership, particularly its impact on Pakistan’s strategic and economic landscape. The partnership has not only capacity to enhance Pakistan’s trade and connectivity role but also complicates its foreign relations, particularly with the US, while raising concerns over security issues. The study suggests that Pakistan need to adopt a balanced diplomatic approach, ensuring economic gains from CPEC while mitigating strategic challenges caused by subsequent geopolitical tensions.

Rewriting Resistance: AI, Necropolitics, and the Postcolonial Counter-Narrative

Toqeer Ahmed — 2025-02-18

This study explores the intersection of artificial intelligence (AI) and postcolonial resistance fiction, focusing on how AI tools like ChatGPT can create speculative fiction that critiques necropolitical governance—a concept introduced by Mbembe (2003) to describe the state's control over life and death—particularly in the context of contemporary Pakistan. Through collaborative writing experiments, the research investigates how AI can contribute to crafting counter-narratives that challenge state violence and historical erasure. It also delves into the political, creative, and ethical implications of using AI in decolonial literary art. By comparing AI-generated speculative fiction with human-authored works like The Prisoner by Omer Shahid Hamid, the study evaluates AI’s ability to portray themes of dissent, memory, and resistance. Preliminary findings reveal that while AI can produce narratives structurally aligned with resistance literature, it often lacks the historical depth, contextual nuance, and lived experience crucial to postcolonial critique. However, AI’s capacity to blend historical and speculative elements opens new possibilities for imagining resistance. The study emphasizes the importance of critically engaging with AI in literature, ensuring its use does not reinforce dominant ideologies but instead amplifies marginalized voices through interdisciplinary collaboration. This research contributes to ongoing discussions about the role of technology in emancipatory discourse, advocating for AI systems grounded in ethical postcolonial principles that challenge rather than perpetuate dominant narratives.

Exploring the Lived Experiences of Teachers during In-Service Training: A Phenomenological Study

Shaharyar Shoukat — 2025-02-20

This study explores the lived experiences of teachers during in-service training at a higher secondary private sector colleges of same group in Punjab Pakistan, aiming to understand the impact of training on professional growth, teaching practices, and institutional support. In-service training is critical for enhancing teaching effectiveness, yet its success depends on content relevance, institutional support, and practical applicability. Despite its importance, limited research examines teachers' lived experiences, particularly in developing contexts like Pakistan. A phenomenological approach was employed, with data collected through semi-structured interviews with 18 teachers. Thematic analysis was used to identify key themes related to training experiences, challenges, and outcomes. Findings revealed five themes: relevance of training content, practical challenges in implementation, institutional support, professional growth, and collaboration. Teachers valued practical, context-specific training but faced challenges like resource constraints and insufficient follow-up. Training programs should focus on practical, subject-specific content, provide sustained institutional support, and foster structured collaboration and reflective practices to enhance effectiveness.

Empowering Growth: Unveiling Maternal and Paternal Roles in Adolescent Development Within an Autonomy-Supportive Framework

Syeda Asma Gillani — 2025-02-22

This research investigates the effects of maternal and paternal inducement on teenage personal development, with emphasis on autonomy-supportive parenting. It seeks to establish how parents' different behaviors like facilitation, encouragement, modeling, and rewarding affect adolescent development. Autonomy-supportive parenting is very important in building intrinsic motivation and self-actualization, according to Self-Determination Theory. While maternal participation has been found to be essential in adolescent growth, paternal inducement remains poorly understood. The current research explores whether paternal and maternal inducement both make unique contributions to adolescent personal growth and to what extent demographic variables influence such outcomes. Regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between parental behaviors and adolescent development. Parental facilitation, encouragement, modeling, and rewarding were some of the predictors that were evaluated. Demographic variables like gender, maternal education, family structure, and socioeconomic status were also evaluated. Findings show that maternal inducement plays a considerable role in personal growth, specifically through facilitation and encouragement, while paternal inducement plays no significant role. Notably, maternal and paternal rewarding behavior were negatively correlated with personal growth, indicating that overdependence on external rewards might inhibit self-directed growth. Autonomy, self-acceptance, and emotion regulation also were identified as predictors of adolescent personal development. Gender differences were also noted, with females showing more personal growth than males. Furthermore, greater maternal education was negatively correlated with personal growth, perhaps because higher academic expectations restricted autonomy. Parenting interventions need to encourage autonomy-supportive practices among both parents. Schools and policymakers need to promote increased paternal involvement to counterbalance parental influence. Cultural and socioeconomic influences on parenting and adolescent development need to be studied in future research.

Unraveling the Nexus: Investigating the Relationship between Neuroception of Psychological Safety and Childhood Traumas

Iram Mansoor — 2025-02-24

This research aims to explore the intricate relationships among neuroception of psychological safety and childhood traumas. Early life experiences, particularly adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), have been shown to impact neurodevelopment and influence later perceptions of psychological safety. This study seeks to build on existing literature by examining these intricate relationships. Analytical cross-sectional design was used to assess the participants at a single point in time. The data gathered throughout Lahore, Punjab from Jan 2024 to July 2024. The sample size of 222 adult participants was selected by the convenience sampling strategy. A diverse sample of adult’s age range of 20 and over recruited to ensure representation of various adult stages, genders, and cultural backgrounds. Assessment of participants was based on established measures and their eligibility for the study was determined accordingly. For assessment purpose three scales were used; Neuroception of Psychological Safety Scale (NPSS) for psychological safety and Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) for childhood trauma were used. Adverse childhood experiences measured by ACE to be a significant predictor of neuroception of psychological safety (p<.000) and also significant predictor of all its subscales of social engagement (p<.000), compassion (p<.000) and bodily sensations (p<.000). The results are in line with previous literature linking trauma with Polyvagal theory that Adverse childhood Experiences (ACEs) like violence, physical, emotional and sexual abuse, or being developed with such parents and other family members suffering from the mental health issues or substance abuse history can provide the base for physiological and mental health problems in later life.

The Effectiveness of AI-Powered Corrective Feedback on Students' Writing Performance

Kishwer Nazli — 2025-02-25

The objective of current research is to aanalyze the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in providing written corrective feedback for students on their essay writing. This study examines the effectiveness of AI-powered corrective feedback on students' writing performance in terms of its accuracy, pedagogical impact, and students' engagement. The study adopts a mixed-methods approach in order to explore students’ writing development following AI-created feedback. Data were gathered from pre-and postwriting assessments, student surveys, and teacher evaluations in order to determine whether AI-driven feedback improves the quality of grammar, coherence, and overall writing proficiency. The results highlighted how AI-based feedback raises students’ writing by providing immediate, tailored and stable corrections for enabling selfregulated learning. Yet, issues with contextual inaccuracies, over-reliance on AI, and lack of nuanced feedback for more complex writing elements are also covered. The study recommends that the valuable perspectives can be received on how pedagogical approaches can benefit from both AI-based feedback tools.

Understanding of Sustainable Environmental Practices amongst Professional Women in Lahore

Fareeha Mahmood — 2025-03-02

This study aims to explore how professional women in Lahore perceive and engage in sustainable environmental practices, identifying the challenges they face and the support they need to adopt sustainable actions. With growing environmental concerns, understanding the role of women in promoting sustainability is essential, especially in urban areas, where their contributions can drive meaningful change. A qualitative approach was used, involving interviews and group discussions with 10 professional women from diverse fields such as education, health, and corporate organizations. Participants were selected based on their knowledge of sustainability, and thematic analysis was conducted to uncover insights. The findings reveal that while women recognize the importance of sustainability, they face barriers like inadequate infrastructure, cultural constraints, and limited resources. Despite these challenges, participants expressed a willingness to adopt sustainable practices if given proper support through workplace initiatives, education, and government assistance. The study suggests that organizations, community leaders, and policymakers should strengthen support systems, promote workplace sustainability programs, and provide accessible education to empower women in leading sustainable practices.

Effects of Orwell’s Time Period and Cultural Situations in Animal Farm

Saima Bashir — 2025-03-02

This paper examines how the historical period and cultural conditions during which George Orwell wrote Animal Farm shaped its narrative, themes, and allegorical representations. Utilizing New Historicism and Cultural Materialism as theoretical frameworks, the study explores the interplay between Orwell’s socio-political context and the novella’s depictions of revolution, mimicry, nostalgia, scientific progress, and power dynamics. The analysis demonstrates how events of the early- to mid-20th century—from world wars to rapid industrial advancements—are interwoven with the symbolic structure of the text. Through comprehensive review of scholarly literature and close textual analysis, the paper argues that Animal Farm critiques totalitarian regimes and the corruption of revolutionary ideals while reflecting the complexities of Orwell’s era. Thus, it underpins the idea of literature as being a lasting and dynamic repository of human experience, capable enough to transcend its immediate historical moment and inform future debates on social transformation, justice and power.

Women’s Land Rights in Pakistan: Laws, Policies, and Practices

Mazhar Abbas — 2025-03-05

This research paper explores how institutional systems, patriarchy, and elements of dominant culture impede women’s land ownership rights in Pakistan. A survey conducted in rural Punjab by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission revealed that only 36 out of 1,000 women possessed property rights, with a mere nine able to sell or trade property without male consent. The study investigates the primary factors contributing to Pakistan’s poor state of women’s land rights using a directed qualitative content analysis approach, drawing upon both primary and secondary archival data. The findings highlight that a combination of laws—including religious codes, state legislation, and tribal customs—along with policies and entrenched cultural practices, collectively hinder women’s access to land rights. There is an urgent need for new interpretations of legal and religious obligations, eradicating harmful customs, and implementing awareness programs to educate families about women’s rights to own and control property.

Analyzing the Impact of Digital Financial Inclusion on Institutional Growth: An Analysis of Banking Companies of SAARC Countries

Remissa Musaddiq — 2025-03-05

The purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of digital financial inclusion on the institutional growth of banking companies in SAARC countries including Bhutan, India, and Maldives, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka data using secondary data analysis. The study examines current datasets, with a particular emphasis on metrics of digital financial inclusion such as mobile banking, online banking, and electronic payments, as well as institutional growth indicators such as assets, profitability, and market share. This study adopts a quantitative research design, drawing on secondary data from the annual reports of selected financial corporations in SAARC countries from 2015 to 2020. The data is examined by descriptive statistics, panel data regression, and correlation analysis. The study's findings are likely to shed light on the existing condition of digital financial inclusion in SAARC countries, as well as its implications for the banking sector. The study recommends for policymakers and stakeholders in the banking industry to promote financial inclusion and digital transformation.

Lived Experiences of Flood Affectees in District Mastung: A Study of Women’s Health

Muhammad Yaseen — 2025-03-08

This research study focuses on the health challenges faced by the pregnant women during the floods of 2022 in District Mastung Baluchistan. Basically, it aimed at exploring the pregnancy complication, psychological as well as reproductive health challenges of the pregnant women. This research study focuses on analyzing the coping mechanisms, modern as well as traditional, with the response of the governmental and non-governmental sector, to pregnant women in the district. This study used qualitative research methodology. Purposive and snowball sampling method was used. In-depth interviews were conducted to get primary data. Themes and codes were developed from the given responses. Findings suggest that pregnant women were adversely affected by the floods of 2022. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that primary focus needs to spread awareness regarding healthcare needs of the expecting mothers. Mental health centers along with emergency obstetrics and healthcare centers should be established.

Navigating Socio-Legal Landscapes: Decriminalizing Suicide in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan

Muneeba — 2025-03-08

This study aims to explore the shift towards decriminalizing suicide in Pakistan, analyzing the legal, social, and religious factors that have shaped the legislative change and its potential implications. Historically, suicide has been criminalized in Pakistan, influenced by both colonial legacy and Islamic principles. However, the recent passage of the 2022 bill to decriminalize suicide marks a shift in societal attitudes towards mental health, prompting a need for legal re-evaluation. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, using primary data from expert interviews and secondary data from legal documents and historical analysis. Open-ended questions were posed to experts to gain insights into the legislative process and societal attitudes. The study finds that the decriminalization is influenced by evolving social perceptions of mental health, legal reforms, and religious discourse, creating a complex dialogue between tradition and liberal values. The paper suggests that suicide should not be regarded as a crime but should be addressed with compassion and individualized legal approaches, considering mental health and socio-cultural contexts in each case.

Shadows of the Past: Memory and the Shaping of History in Wolf Hall

Saima Bashir — 2025-03-08

The article discusses the interaction between memory and historiography in Hilary Mantel's Wolf Hall, examining how the novel reconstructs Tudor history using the subjective memory of Thomas Cromwell. During the English Reformation, Wolf Hall questions the veracity of historical accounts, highlighting the fluidity of memory in constructing personal and collective identity. Qualitative analysis via close reading and thematic interpretation is utilized, in addition to quantitative methods to monitor the repetition of central motifs of memory and historical manipulation. The research indicates that Mantel presents history as a constructed narrative and not an objective fact, illustrating how power and individual recollections shape recorded history. Wolf Hall is a space where memory, fiction, and historical record meet to challenge the authenticity of traditional historiography. Thus, the article underscores the idea how historical fiction reconstructs the popular view of history and how the influence of memory on historiography shapes modern interpretations of history.

Effect of Shared Leadership Behavior of Heads on Subordinate’s Performance at University Level

Rabia Shafique — 2025-03-10

This study sought to evaluate the influence of shared leadership behavior demonstrated by university leaders on the performance of their subordinates, with a particular emphasis on academic staff at the university level. The study was undertaken in the context of growing interest in collaborative leadership models and their potential to improve organizational results in higher education institutions. The study used a quantitative research approach to investigate this issue. A cross-sectional survey was used to gather information on the factors of interest, such as shared leadership behaviors and subordinate performance. The sample included 800 Teachers from four universities in Lahore, Pakistan: two public (University of Education and Punjab University) and two privates (University of Lahore and University of Engineering and Technology), as well as their affiliated colleges. Participants were chosen using a convenience sampling method. The study used a three-part instrument that comprised the Shared Leadership Scale (SLS) and the Teacher Performance Scale (TPS). The SLS had a dependability coefficient of α =.81, whereas the TPS had α =.83, indicating good internal consistency. Pilot tests proved the instruments' validity and reliability. This study adds to the increasing body of literature on shared leadership by offering empirical evidence of its influence on subordinate performance in higher education. This study also provides practical insights for university administrators looking to create collaborative leadership techniques that will improve organizational effectiveness and staff performance.

Legitimacy of Child Under Qanun-E-Shahadat Order, 1984: A Legal Perspective

Rehana Anjum — 2025-03-15

The legitimacy of a child represents a profound legal and social quandary in Pakistan, governed by Article 128 of the Qanun-e-Shahadat Order (QSO), 1984, as well as Islamic jurisprudence, and it is of special importance as far as issues of paternity, inheritance, guardianship and social identity are concerned. However, inconsistencies inherent in these laws have engendered contradictions regarding paternity determination, inheritance rights and the integration of scientific evidence. The main objective of this research paper is to analyze and critique Article 128 and sheds light on the interpretation ambiguities within it and why the judiciary shies away from DNA testing when legitimacy cases occur. Through intensive case study review, it sheds light on the courts’ application of legitimacy, denial of paternity, based on both religious and legal bases. The bottom line is to stress the urgency of a valid test for determining legitimacy to do justice and deliver equity. Given socio-legal implications surrounding legitimacy—particularly in relation to inheritance, guardianship and identity—it argues persuasively for reform in evidence laws to harmonize Islamic principles, judicial reasoning and advancements in science. The research methodology is doctrinal and includes analysis of comparative case law analysis, judicial interpretation, and application of forensic evidence in legitimacy determinations. The research resulted that though Islamic jurisprudence emphasizes Iqrar and marital legitimacy, the dynamic nature of legal systems requires more definitive positions on scientific evidence. In the end, this study recommends legislative amendments to clarify Article 128, judicial acceptance of DNA testing and public awareness initiatives to ensure that the legitimacy determination process is transparent and just; however, challenges remain.

Hybrid Warfare and the Global Threat of Data Surveillance: The Case for International Standards and Regulation

Hassan Rasheed Siddiqui — 2025-03-17

This paper explores the growing threat of hybrid warfare, with a focus on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and drone technology in modern conflict. Hybrid warfare, which integrates both traditional military tactics and advanced technologies like AI, drones, and data surveillance, poses significant risks to global security and national sovereignty. This study examines the implications of these technologies for national security, privacy, and ethics, using the zhenhua Data information technologh, DJI & Autel Roboticscase as a key example. The research highlights the urgent need for international regulations and standards to govern the deployment of AI and drones in warfare, addressing emerging threats while safeguarding privacy. Through a qualitative methodology, including case study analysis, literature review, and expert interviews, the paper reveals the current lack of global regulatory frameworks and provides recommendations for stricter data protection laws, increased transparency, and global cooperation. The findings advocate for the creation of a unified, ethical framework to ensure the responsible use of AI and drones in the future. This research study recommended that Governments and international bodies must create binding standards for AI and drone use in warfare, focusing on privacy, surveillance, and ethical deployment. Stricter data protection laws should be enforced, ensuring transparency and consumer control. Independent oversight bodies must monitor these technologies for responsible use. Global cooperation is needed to develop international treaties that regulate their deployment. Public awareness campaigns are essential to educate citizens on the risks and benefits of AI and drones.

From Persuasion to Excess: The Role of Influencer Culture, Social Media Envy, Financial Literacy in Shaping Materialism

Palwasha Nasir Abbasi — 2025-03-22

The present research investigates the relationship between materialism and influencer culture with social media envy as a mediator and financial literacy as a moderator. Influencer culture makes one exposed to desirable lifestyles, resulting in materialism. Social comparison enhances social media envy, intensifying materialistic tendencies. Financial literacy, however, can reduce vulnerability to such effects by encouraging critical processing of consumer information. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 young adults through convenience sampling. Influencer culture scale, Materialistic value scale, Social media envy scale, and Financial literacy scale were used in the research. Informed consent, confidentiality, and voluntary participation were ensured. Influencer culture has a strong correlation with materialism. Social media envy partially mediates this, while financial literacy moderates it, decreasing the influence of influencer consumption. Financial literacy should be included in school curricula. Public campaigns need to promote critical social media consumption. Healthy social media and financial use interventions must be researched in the future.

Resource use and Allocative Efficiency of Brick Production at Traditional Brick Kilns (Brick Manufacturing Units ) of North Sindh, Pakistan

Siraj Narejo — 2025-03-25

This article on resource use and allocative efficiency of brick production in North Sindh has objective of finding kiln’s ability to effectively use resources and to maximize profits at available technology and fixed factor level. It is about kiln sector’s economic efficiency. Sector’s returns to scale (ROS) tells elasticity of production at a kiln i.e. to check if any one kiln produces higher level of output from same level of inputs as compared to other kilns. Sample of 90 kilns is taken randomly. Survey and face to face interviews were taken. A kiln is allocative efficient (or price efficient) if it maximizes profits by equating MVP of each variable input to its price. MVP is additional or marginal revenue generated by adding one unit of resource or input. R represents Allocative efficiency which is MVP/MFC. MFC is Px (Input price of one unit). R value can be greater or less than 1. If R is equal to 1 it means that input is economically utilized. If R is less than 1 it means that input is over utilized. North Sindh Kilns are going through IRS (Increasing returns to scale) as elasticity of production (sum of all nine coefficients of production function) is greater than 1 i.e. 1.09. These kilns are technically efficient. Labour clay and water are underutilized while all other inputs are over utilized for an average North Sindh kiln. For small kiln clay, fuel and water are underutilized and rests are over utilized. For medium kiln clay, labour and water are underutilized and rests are over utilized. For large kiln clay, labour, maintenance and water are underutilized and rests are over utilized. Clay and water are underutilized throughout all kilns. Labour is over utilized only at small kilns. Land is underutilized only at large kilns. Fuel is over utilized only at small kilns. Transport, capital, FOH/Inventory are over utilized at all kiln types. Maintenance is underutilized only at large kilns. In regression utilization model if all the R values (representing allocative efficiency of kiln inputs) are zeroes, than there will be a loss of 1175473 bricks to owner of kiln. Only labor R, capital R and FOH (Factory Overhead) R are significant in the model. The best beta (coefficient) is that of FOH. Only land R is negatively (but insignificant in model) related to total production. It is recommended that those factors which are underutilized or overutilized at small, medium or large kilns have to be used optimum.

Interpreting the Future: The Powerful Role of Hermeneutics in Educational Practice

Nokhaiz Tahzeeb — 2025-03-25

This paper aims to explore the influence of hermeneutics in contemporary educational practice. In the educational context, hermeneutic principles have potential to improve teaching practices, enhance students’ learning abilities, and foster understanding of diverse educational contexts. Hermeneutics teaches students to examine, analyze, and contextualize knowledge, transforming educational practice from passive reception to active inquiry. This paper describes some of important hermeneutic techniques and approaches as well as their importance to teaching practice. Educators themselves must comprehend hermeneutic techniques and learn how to apply them a daily basis for teaching and learning. According to the findings, hermeneutics develops a broad, reflective, and trans-formative educational environment by improving interpersonal understanding and bridging the gap between material and context. In addition, it suggests, with the help of hermeneutics, the authors of educational texts can explain the relation of the texts read to the contemporary and future practice of education critically.

From Perceived Ostracism to Mental Exhaustion: Illuminating the Link of Doomscrolling and Digital Detox

Palwasha Nasir Abbasi — 2025-03-26

The research intends to investigate the way perceived ostracism leads to mental exhaustion and whether or not doomscrolling and digital detox impacts this association. In this study, the effects of perceived ostracism on mental fatigue with an emphasis on the mediating effect of doomscrolling and the moderating effect of digital detox among young adults are examined. A quantitative design was utilized that involved using validated and reliable scales. Data were gathered from young adults and statistical tests, such as mediation and moderation models, were conducted. The results reveal a large-scale positive correlation between perceived ostracism and mental exhaustion. Doomscrolling acts as a mediator that increases exhaustion, whereas digital detox acts as a buffer that decreases ostracism's impact. The research emphasizes the need for organized digital detox programs to counteract stress. Longitudinal research approaches and intervention methods for improving digital well-being should be examined in future studies.

Lean Manufacturing Sustainability: A Critical Review of Barriers and its Impact

Syeda Faiza — 2025-03-27

The objective of this research is to explore the challenges in sustaining lean manufacturing practices with in the automotive sector. Lean Manufacturing is widely adopted to improve quality, reduce costs and enhance operational efficiency. However, sustaining these dynamic practices remains a significant challenge. Factors such as management related barriers, workforce resistance, process related and resources related barriers has considerable impact on sustenance of Lean Manufacturing practices. The research explored the sustainability of LM practices by gathering expert insights on 24 influencing factors. A survey was conducted among over 50 automotive industries in Karachi, to examine the challenges associated with management, workforce, process and resource related issues. The collected data was analyzed on SPSS to identify the key obstacle hindering the sustainability of Lean Manufacturing Practices. Findings indicate that while Lean Manufacturing practices are implemented across organizations, sustaining these practices is difficult. The impact of Workforce related, Resource related & Process related barriers was evident but Management related barriers, including lack of leadership support were found to be most influential factor. Employee resistance often stems from inadequate managerial involvement in Lean initiatives. To enhance Lean Manufacturing Practices sustainability, organizations needs to strengthen leadership commitment, provide continuous employee trainings and integrating a mechanism of follow ups and performance tracking. Future research expands the sample size and include multiple industries to gain broader insights into sustainability challenges across various sectors.

Exploring Cloud-Based Transformation Challenges and Counter Strategies: Case Study of Pakistani Fintech Company

Pirzada Khattak — 2025-03-30

The purpose of research work is to assess the cloud-based transformation challenges as well as to review counter strategies of cloud-based transformation changes in the Fintech industry. There are multiple reasons that encourage organizations to initiate cloud-based digital transformation to introduce a major change in the organization. Successfully implement and sustain such changes demands to explore the challenges comes with such changes as well as establish proactive countermeasures. For this purpose, an exploratory case study was conducted in one of the top Fintech Company. This company successfully implemented cloud based transformation project. The interviews of the officers involved in the process of implementation of this process were conducted and transcribed.The findings of this study helps the top management to identify and understand challenges comes with cloud transformation projects as well as to proactively develop strategies to address these challenges to successfully execute cloud-based changes.