Pakistan Social Sciences Review

Parental Perceptions of Early Childhood Education (ECE) Benefits in Punjab, Pakistan: A Mixed Methods Study

Abdul Qayyum — 2024-07-01

This study aimed to investigate the factors influencing parental perceptions of Early Childhood Education (ECE) benefits and enrollment decisions in Punjab, Pakistan. Early Childhood Education (ECE) programs offer numerous benefits for children's cognitive, social, and emotional development. However, parental perceptions and enrollment choices can be influenced by various factors. This study explores these factors within the context of Lahore District, Punjab, Pakistan. A mixed methods approach was employed, utilizing a descriptive survey questionnaire administered to 150 parents and focus group discussions to gain deeper qualitative insights. The study identified limitations in Lahore's ECE school infrastructure, parental background (particularly education level) influencing enrollment decisions, and teacher qualifications and motivation as key factors impacting parental perceptions. Based on the findings, recommendations are made to improve Lahore's ECE system. These include strategic resource allocation for infrastructure development, targeted outreach programs to educate parents about ECE benefits, and investments in teacher quality through professional development and competitive compensation packages.

Factors Shaping Career pathways of Students with Hearing Impairments: A Comparative Analysis

Asma Kanwal — 2024-07-01

The study explored what shapes the career paths of students with hearing impairments, focusing on a quantitative, descriptive approach. With limited research addressing this group, this study aimed to fill the gap by investigating influential factors. A purposive sample of 115 students was selected from nine divisions of Punjab, using a validated questionnaire covering ten domains. With a reliability coefficient of 0.995, the survey collected data for analysis. The results highlighted that financial considerations and education are the most significant factors in career choices. Extracurricular activities, global integration, and technological advancements also play notable roles. Personal interests, role models, cultural norms, family influence, and peer groups were found to support career decisions. These elements create a complex, interconnected web influencing career planning. The study found that gaps in these areas often negatively impact career choices. Addressing these barriers is essential for fostering positive career pathways for hearing-impaired students. The study recommends creating comprehensive support systems to effectively empower and guide these students in their career journeys.

The Influence of Organizational Health on Student Social Development: The Mediating Role Teacher Commitment to Students

Abida Abdul Aziz — 2024-07-03

Organizational health and students' social development are the key concerns of teachers. The primary objective of this study was to examine organizational health's influence on students’ social development. The study found that organizational health positively affects students’ social development. The study participants were the SST/SSE teachers and students in 10th grade. We used a cross-sectional survey research design in the current quantitative study to collect data from 459 SST/SSE teachers and students. The data were analyzed using SPSS (version 26) software. However, to test the hypothesized relationship, the study employed Structural Equation Modeling in AMOS 25. The results revealed that all the proposed hypotheses were supported. The study contributes to the different streams of literature, including organizational health, teacher commitment to students, and students’ social development. It also offered valuable insights for government, policymakers, and school management, guiding them to improve organizational health. It plays an imperative role in nurturing and promoting teacher commitment to students and students’ social development.

Analysis of Expanded Core Curriculum (ECC) for Learners with Visual Impairment at Primary Schools: A SWOT Analysis

Saira Hanif — 2024-07-03

This study evaluates the Expanded Core Curriculum (ECC) for visually impaired students developed by the Directorate General of Special Education, Punjab-Pakistan. Utilizing a qualitative method and SWOT analysis, the research categorizes strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats within the expanded core curriculum learners with visual impairment at primary grades. The strengths include a comprehensive academic and vocational training proposals supported by a multidisciplinary committee. However, the ECC faces weaknesses such as, outdated vocational skills, omission of practical geometry, and lack of parental involvement, inadequate technology, and exclusion of major areas of ECC. Opportunities for enhancement involve updating the curriculum, integrating modern technology, and expanding vocational training options. Addressing threats such as inconsistent implementation, resource constraints, evolving educational demands, and the need for comprehensive teacher training is crucial. Recommendations include refining the curriculum to improve accessibility, incorporating advanced technological tools, and investing in regular professional development for educators.

The Role of Critical Reflection in Online Teaching

Fiza Zia — 2024-07-04

The study aimed to explore the role of critical reflection in on-line teaching process, providing perceptions of how critical reflection is beneficial and can be improved. The nature of this research was qualitative and a hermeneutic research design was used. A purposive sampling technique was used and 15 teachers were selected who were teaching online in the private universities of Lahore. The study used semi-structured interviews for the data collection. The instrument was developed after literature review and was validated by three experts and modified according to their guidance and guidelines. The interviews were recorded with the respondent’s permission. Moreover, the researcher collected and interpreted the participant's lived experiences, revealing a gap between the theoretical understanding and practical implementation of critical reflection among teachers. Themes were emerged. The study concluded that teachers need to be more aware of critical reflection and processes, which are crucial to online teaching and learning. The research suggested that critical reflection must be included into teacher training and professional development programs, making them mandatory or compulsory for all teachers, educators, and prospective teachers.

Promotion of E-Learning among Students: Role of University Libraries

Umair Sharif — 2024-07-06

The primary objective of this research was to examine the current state of e-learning promotion among students and the role of university libraries in Punjab. The study's goals were, to document librarians' personal opinions about using e-learning platforms in libraries, to look into librarians' opinions regarding the necessary e-learning tools, to determine the advantages and degree of satisfaction with e-learning adoption in Punjab's public and private university libraries, and to comprehend the difficulties university libraries encounter while implementing e-learning techniques. A questionnaire was used to gather information. The study's target demographic consisted of university librarians of the Punjab from both public and private sectors. Universities provided their libraries with data, which was gathered using a convenience sampling technique. A total of 144 university librarians provided the information. According to the study, the majority of library professionals use e-learning platforms in their libraries, and most of them are still in the process of implementing them. This indicates that library professionals understand the value of e-learning in the digital age and are cognizant of its necessity. Additionally, this study showed that the majority of professionals favored using, Zoom, Microsoft Teams and MOOCs, among other e-learning platforms. The majority of participants in this study indicated that they preferred to use e-learning technologies that allowed for screen sharing. The majority of respondents faced a barrier, "Lack of skilled staff," which is highlighted in the report as well. Another significant obstacle that prevented the introduction of e-learning systems, according to the respondents, was "Lack of IT equipment.

Environmental, Social, and Governance Controversies and Firm Performance: Moderating Role of Governance Mechanisms

Mehak Ali — 2024-07-06

In the present research, the relationship between ESG (environmental, social, and governance) and a firm's performance is looked into in the context of corporate governance mechanisms, i.e., board independence and ESG practices, as a moderator. ESG disputes frequently occur when corporations' actions violate moral and environmentally friendly standards. ESG controversies represent the credibility of an organization and pose functional hazards, which can significantly impact its financial position. According to the Pakistan Institute of Corporate Governance (PICG) report, ESG remains an unfamiliar idea and business focus in Pakistan. ESG integration is hampered by common misconceptions, a reluctance for more restrictions, and a lack of knowledge of the relevance and importance of ESG. Obviously, there is an overwhelming need to protect the status quo, which prevents businesses from completely meeting their environmental, social, and governance (ESG) objectives. We used quantitative tools to analyze data from 419 non-financial firms listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) from 2014 to 2023, and the data is readily available. Based on our studies, there is a significant negative relation between ESG controversies & corporate performance. However, good corporate governance standards & institutional ESG plans mitigate these negative consequences and can transform these controversies into opportunities for advancement and repo-building. Legislators, business strategists, and investors can substantially benefit from these findings, which underscore the importance of governance for handling ESG controversies and improving the firm's versatility and endurance. Hence it can be recommended that the same relationship with different data set could be tested in other widely geographically distributed areas other than Pakistan.

The Principles Revolving Coercion under Pakistani Contract Law: A Case Law Contemplation

Amr Ibn Munir — 2024-07-09

Coercion is any physical or mental act that involves pressuring the other party to perform an act he would rather not wish to do, thus infringing upon his free will and consent to perform said act. These actions can include restraining, detaining, manipulation, threatening etc. The objectives of this research are to deliberate and understand the meaning, scope and extent of coercion. This research aims to deliberate upon this doctrine as evinced within the law and enunciated by the Superior Courts. This research has adopted the doctrinal methodology in order to reach its conclusion. The results show that the Superior Courts have settled the principles involving coercion by relying on British and Indian judgments. It is recommended that the scope and extent of coercion can be widened even more by relying on other foreign judgments such as that of Bangladesh, the USA amongst others etc.

Human Security Discourse: A Case of Civil Society Activism in Sindh, Pakistan

Shah Muhammad — 2024-07-09

This study strives to build a nexus between human security and civil society in Sindh which is a highly marginalized and socio-economically challenged province of Pakistan. Keeping the qualitative nature of the study in mind, field visits were conducted in District Ghotki and Umerkot, Sindh province in October 2022. The visits enabled the gathering of data through in-depth interviews, focused group discussions (FGDs), and community engagement. Purposive sampling technique was adopted to select the respondents for interviews and FGDs. The findings shed contextual light on the human security landscape and the state of civil society groups of the districts. The study concludes that that local civil society groups are playing a significant role in the accomplishment of human security goals while enduring numerous challenges across intellectual/ideological, organizational, bureaucratic, political and financial fronts. In order to effectively address the human security issues in the districts, the research suggests the autonomous functioning of of civil society groups, adequate understanding of human security issues among those groups and their proper collaboration with government agencies.

A Correlation between Learners’ Autonomy and Performance of the EFL Learners’ Speaking Skills at Graduate Level

Ayesha Haseeb — 2024-07-11

This study examines the relationship between learner autonomy and the performance of EFL learners at the graduation level, focusing on student responses to autonomy provision and the impact of content control. Through two primary research questions, the study aims to analyze factors influencing learner autonomy's impact on language learning and explore the effects of content control on engagement, motivation, and proficiency. Utilizing a mixed-method approach, 200 students in Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan, participated in a structured questionnaire. Findings indicate predominantly positive student responses to autonomy provision. However, future research is needed with larger, more diverse samples for enhanced external validity. Nuanced approaches to content control balancing autonomy with guidance are advocated to optimize motivation and proficiency development. In conclusion, this research provides insights into learner autonomy's role in EFL education, advocating for its integration into pedagogical practices to empower students and promote meaningful language learning experiences.

Pakistan’s Energy Conundrum: Assessing Barriers to Sustainable Energy-Mix on the Road to Net-Zero

Muhammad Manzoor Elahi — 2024-07-14

The research delves into energy conundrum of Pakistan and examines the barriers in transition to its sustainable energy mix. Climate change has emerged as one of the biggest warnings to human existence in the 21st century, thereby, the global community urges for an inclusive and equitable approach to energy transition on the road to Net-zero under SDGs like ‘Affordable and Clean Energy’, and ‘Climate Action’. The nexus of energy security and environmental sustainability is a critical debate. The study, therefore, applies qualitative-cum-quantitative mixed method approach to access barriers to generation mix. The study finds and concludes that over-reliance on fossil fuels, lack of political will, fewer incentives for renewable energy, lack of decentralized energy and differentiated systems are the critical barriers on the road to a sustainable energy-mix. It recommends redefining contracts with IPPs, incentivizing solarization and green- metering, supporting micro-grid installation etc., to achieve energy optimization and de-carbonization.

External Forces and their Role in Baluchistan: A Geo-Political and Geo-Strategic Analysis

Nabeila Akbar — 2024-07-15

Pakistan’s geography has always remained significant in its relations regional and global states. The Baluchistan province increases the strategic and economic importance of Pakistan. Particularly Baluchistan’s coast-756 kilometer of coastline- provides a special economic zone spreading about 180,000 sq. km area, making Baluchistan strategically very important. So, the geographical and geopolitical importance of Baluchistan province cannot be ignored and will play a significant role to strengthen Pakistan’s economy. The main objective of the research paper is to investigate the interests of regional and global forces in Baluchistan who are trying to control the transit route of oil transportation through Pakistan. The study has examined how the divergent interests of external factors have affected the security and stability of Pakistan. This is descriptive and analytical research. Data is collected through secondary source i.e. Books and journal. The study concludes that Pakistan is strengthening its ties with China and Russia to achieve long term peace and stability in the region.

Exploring the Role of Reinforcement as a Determinant of Quality Education at the University Level

Zahida Aziz Sial — 2024-07-15

The study's main goal was to explore the role of reinforcement by parents as a determinant of student’s academic quality at the university level. A survey design was used to complete this qualitative study. For this purpose, an interview protocol was designed. A Semi-structured Interview consists of seven items for parents. All the parents (living in 10500 houses in Zakariya town Multan) were the population of the study. A purposive sampling technique was employed to get the responses from respondents. Fifteen educated parents were selected. Researchers personally recorded the responses from respondents. The interview responses revealed that most parents congratulate kids vocally on their accomplishments with comments or praise and an appreciation certificate, respectively. Based on the findings, the study came to the conclusion that parental encouragement is beneficial for raising academic quality at the university level. Further, the study recommends that reinforcement be given to children by their parents frequently and periodically.

Scoring Financial Health of Business Sector: A MIMIC Analysis Approach

Muhammad Salman — 2024-07-17

The objective of the study is to measure business sector’s financial health capability as an important functionality. Business sector financial worth aggregates to national financial health, which is another function of businesses other than production. Motivating firm investment can have far-reaching effects beyond production. Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes (MIMIC) model is used to measure financial health. The deployment of 99 country panel data between 1980-2021 used firm-level indicators like working capital, management efficiency, liquidity, and leverage and economic level consequences like inflation, investments, growth, stock market, and employment. The financial value of businesses leads to an increase in investments, growth, stock market, and employment. And it depends on working capital, and leverage of the firms. In order to boost the performance of business sector in terms of its financial health capability government must provide support in working capital, management efficiency and profitability of businesses.

The Evaluation of Economic Performance: Cross-Nation Analysis

Ahmad Waqas — 2024-07-18

Pakistan and Italy have a cordial economic relationship, and both countries have been working for economic development for many years. The objective of the study is to evaluate both countries' economic performance using three performance indicators—the debt-to-GDP ratio, the GNI per capita, and the unemployment rate—using data from the three years 2024, 2023, and 2022. We conducted document analysis and also employed thematic analysis to extract useful themes from the data. We arrived at several significant findings. The debt-to-GDP ratio for Pakistan is 71.8 percent in 2024, 77.1 percent in 2023, and 76.2 percent in 2022. Italy's debt-to-GDP ratio is 140.5 percent in 2022, 137.3 percent in 2023, and 139.2 percent in 2024. The projected GNI per capita for Pakistan is $1,560 in 2022, $1,500 in 2023, and $1,470 in 2024. Pakistan is categorized as a lower middle-income country based on the available statistics. Pakistan's current GNI per capita status is not satisfactory, hence the country needs to improve its situation. The rate of unemployment in Pakistan was 5.6% in 2022, 5.5% in 2023, and 8% in 2024. The unemployment rate in Italy is 7.8% in 2024, 7.7% in 2023, and 8.1% in 2022. The debt-to-GDP ratio, GNI per capita, and unemployment rate indicated that Pakistan's economy needed sustainable policies. Pakistan's and Italy's economic circumstances are strategically significant, thus both nations must improve their institutional frameworks for the advantage of their citizens. Pakistan and Italy ought to cooperate to boost investment and trade. The findings recommend Pakistan adopt Italy's the best economic development practices.

Parental Economic and Educational Factors Compelling Code Switching toward English Language

Anooshia Shafique — 2024-07-20

This study investigates the influence of parental socioeconomic status (SES) and educational background on code-switching behavior toward the English language among bilingual individuals. By employing a close ended approach, the research explores the intricate relationship between parental economic and educational factors and the propensity for code-switching to English. The data is analyzed through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software to measure mean scores, their difference, and relationship among the variables of the study. The findings reveal statistically significant correlations between parental SES, educational attainment, and the frequency of code-switching occurrences toward English and deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms driving these correlations, elucidating how parental influences shape language choice and proficiency. The outcomes provide valuable implications for educators, policymakers, and practitioners, underscoring the importance of addressing socio-linguistic variables in promoting effective language acquisition strategies and fostering inclusive linguistic environments.

Farmers’ Coping and Adaptive Behavior toward Drought Hazard in the North-West Region of Balochistan, Pakistan

Nisar Ahmad — 2024-07-21

The aim of this study was to understand the farmer’s coping and adaptive behavior toward drought and to determine its negative effects on agriculture in the northwest of Balochistan. Drought is the most devastating disaster which not only affects agriculture but also livestock, humans and other sectors. To achieve the desire objectives, 264 farmers were selected and interviewed personally through multistage sampling. In addition, weighted average index, adaption strategy index has also been employed. The worse climatic condition had led to crop failure, decline in crop production, water scarcity and loss of livestock. Farmers employed number of techniques to cope with the climatic stress that include, crop diversification, efficient water management, input adjustment, asset depletion and consumption smoothing etc. There is a need of a more resilient strategies to decrease the vulnerability of drought and cultivate climate resilient crops that can be sustained with low water and give high production.

Urdu Translation and Cross-Language Validation of Attentional Control Scale for Children

Zubash Aslam — 2024-07-21

The main objective of this study was to translate and validate the ACS-C for adolescents. The Attentional Control Scale for Children is an extensively used measure of attentional control in youth as well. Attentional control (AC) is the capacity to focus, sustain, and redirect one's attention deliberately and strategically. The scale translation process was carried out by following the standard International Testing Commission guidelines, including forward and backward translation, committee assessment, and pilot testing. This study sample for cross-language validation comprised 300 adolescents between the age range of 15 to 19 years (Mage= 17.50, SD = 1.32). The ACS-C is a 20-item scale with two subscales: attentional focusing and attentional shifting. The findings of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) demonstrated a good model fit to the data and the final model was retained with two- two-factor solution having 9 items in the attentional focusing subscale and 10 items in the attentional shifting subscale.

A Mixed-Method Study of Iser’s Reader-Response Theory with Literature and Language Teaching in Postmodern Drama: A Case Study of Undergraduate Students at SBBU-SBA

Muneeba Mughal — 2024-07-21

The article investigates Reader Responses with literature and language teaching in the postmodern drama Waiting for Godot in the light of Wolfgang Iser's Reader Response theory (1978) and Gillian Lazar’s model of "literature and language teaching"(1993). The study utilizes a mixed-method approach, and the selected population of 20 undergraduate students of BS English literature at Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Shaheed Benazirabad (old Nawabshah), Pakistan. The data collected from anonymous participant via questionnaires with random sampling after completion of the assigned text for reading. The qualitative data analysis is based on Reader-response theory that states that reading is a unique experience in which a reader involves himself morally, intellectually, socially, and artistically. Second, the study concludes quantitatively by applying Lazar’s model of "literature and language teaching". The results are based on 40% positive and 60% negative responses from the students, thus, this paper finds that readers’ development is significant and they are self-assured who could go beyond the written texts. Further, more approachable texts and models that support students in connecting with and comprehending the text's should be incorporated into the literary scholarship.

Empowering Resilience: Unveiling the Nexus of Bullying and Self-Esteem among the Students of University of Sargodha

Zahra Zulfiqar — 2024-07-22

This study aimed to explore the relationship between experiencing bullying and self-esteem among students at the University of Sargodha. The primary objective was to assess how bullying behavior affects various dimensions of students' self-esteem, including satisfaction with self-image, confidence levels, and self-motivation. Given that self-esteem is a critical predictor of behavior, the research was grounded in the Looking Glass Self-Theory to understand the psychological impact of bullying. A quantitative, descriptive research design was employed, with data collected from 208 students within the Faculty of Social Sciences through a structured online questionnaire. The sample was drawn using multistage and convenient sampling techniques. The findings revealed a significant negative relationship between experiencing bullying and self-esteem, indicating that increased bullying experiences lead to lower self-esteem. Based on these results, it is recommended that anti-bullying interventions be implemented to enhance student well-being and support their self-esteem.

Developing Extemporaneous Speech through Situational Language Teaching in ESL Classrooms: An Action Research Study

Ezzah Shakil — 2024-07-23

The prime objective of the study is to explore the effectiveness of situational language teaching method in improving extemporaneous speech skills of ESL learners. Extemporaneous speech is an important life skill that is required to excel in academic and professional settings. Situational language teaching focuses on activities that are essential to master in real-world scenarios. The methodology employed in this quasi-experimental study is based on the principles of action research cycle. A convenience sample of 30 ESL learners from The Islamia University of Bahawalpur was chosen and subjected to extemporaneous speech tasks before and after the intervention of seven days long situational language teaching. The grading of the speaking activity of ESL learners was done by adopting the rubrics of IELTS test for speaking. The scores of pretest and post-test were subjected to paired sample t-test. The results of the study showed a statistically significant improvement in extemporaneous speech skills of ESL learners. Hence, the study recommends the incorporation of situational language teaching activities for the enhancement of extemporaneous speech skills of ESL learners as it augments the academic achievement, language proficiency, fluency, grammar, pronunciation, and self-confidence of students.

Coronavirus Anxiety, Regulatory Emotional Self-Efficacy and Health-Related Quality of Life among University Students during Covid-19 Pandemic

Fajar Bashir — 2024-07-23

This study was conducted to explore the role of coronavirus anxiety and regulatory emotional self-efficacy as correlates and predictors of health-related Quality of Life among university students during COVID-19 pandemic. The correlational research design was used. Data was gathered from 200 participants (Males=100 & Females=100) using the purposive sampling technique. The following measures were utilized subsequently to gather the data: Demographic Information Sheet, Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (Lee, 2020), Regulatory Emotional Self-efficacy Scale (Caprara et al., 2008) and Covid-19 Impact on Quality of Life Scale (Repišti et al., 2020). The findings of the study depicts that coronavirus anxiety and perceived self-efficacy in expressing positive affect significantly correlate and predict impact on health-related-Quality of Life (QoL). In the current study, female university students showed higher level of coronavirus anxiety and impact on health-related Quality of Life whereas the male students displayed increased state of perceived self-efficacy in expressing negative affect. In order to identify the predictors of HR-QoL, hours per day news watched by students and coronavirus anxiety emerged as the significant positive predictors of Health-related QoL among university students. This indicates that number of hours of news watched by students and students with high coronavirus anxiety had a higher impact on their Health-related QoL.

Mediatization of Politics: A Case Study of Pakistan

Ahmed Hussain Shah Bukhari — 2024-07-23

The media is fundamental to socio-political life. It delivers facts to allow us to be well informed about the matters that are essential to every individual. The Constitution of The Islamic Republic of Pakistan legally protects the freedom of press and through the freedom of information ordinance 2002 and code of conduct rules 2010. However, Media has never been independent of Politics and society. Pakistan has remained under military rule and many media outlets supported and acted on its orders. Democracy is the basic necessity for an independent media. As politics became increasingly mediatized, the influence of media on the society is far reaching than individual politicians. Various media outlets and channels in Pakistan have been seen either advocating or criticizing various governments in power or in opposition. Media outlets are often associated with politicians and bureaucrats, which are privately owned. Unlike the Associated Press of Pakistan and the state owned National Broadcaster the Pakistan Television Network. This research article covers the mediatization of politics in Pakistan and various stages through which it has passed on. The study also analyses the future of media and its technology in addition the media should also train people and educate them on media responsibilities. The role of Media in any society plays a pivotal role in building a sense of decision making and portraying the image of politicians and bureaucracy. Media has been aiding as a cautious watch dog of Pakistan.

Healing the Nation: Historical Context and the Ascendancy of Chinese Martial Arts During the Republican Era

Zhang Wei — 2024-07-23

To develop a strong cultural and sports nation we must learn from history. Through literature research method and empirical analysis, the study found that: During the Republican period, China was in danger of being destroyed. Against this backdrop, Chinese elites sought various means to save the nation. Martial arts evolved into a symbol of national resilience and as a tool for social reforms. It became a medium for political propaganda and social practice, reaching its highest status in the history of the Republic of China. This research aims to trace the history of sports in China through empirical research method which define the investment in sports leads towards the mental well-being eventually improve the socio-economic infrastructure of Chinese society. For today: traditional sports culture should be vigorously promoted to provide impetus for realizing and building the goal of a strong cultural and sports nation.

The Impact of Business Process Capabilities on Firm Performance: A Moderated-Mediation Approach of Strategic Agility and Environmental Turbulence

Muhammad Awais Sarwar — 2024-07-25

Firm performance is a major challenge in Pakistan. Pakistan's hotel and hospitality industry and SMEs are badly impacted by many organizational challenges such as COVID-19. To get through this upheaval and get back on the solid foundation of strong business performance, the hotels and SMEs in this sector required direction and guidance. Through the mediation of strategic agility and the moderation of environmental turbulence, the objectives of the study are to clarify the impact of business process capabilities on firm performance. The study employed a quantitative research strategy and evaluated the responses of 321 managers working in Pakistan's hotel and hospital industries. The study analyzed data using AMOS 24 and SPSS software, and it employed structural equation modeling (SEM) to assess the hypotheses. The study's findings indicate that business process capabilities have a major impact on firm performance and that strategic agility significantly positively mediates the relationship between business process capabilities and firm performance. Results indicate that environmental turbulence has a negative moderating effect on the mediation relationship between firm performance and strategic agility. The unstable, unpredictable, and destructive environment encourage businesses to focus more intently on maintaining and improving their company performance as well as seeking out more strategically agile approaches. The results demonstrate the detrimental effects of environmental turbulence on the business performance of SMEs in Pakistan's hotel sector.

Head Teachers' Perspectives on Management Challenges in Public and Private Secondary Schools

Romena Ali — 2024-07-26

The study was designed to examine the management problems faced by head teachers of public and private schools at the secondary level. The objective of the study included identifying the management problems faced by both the head teachers of public as well as private schools at the secondary level including the rural and urban areas and suggesting measures to overcome these problems to improve the efficiency of the head teachers, so that they obtain the required objectives of management. This study was delimited to the Headteachers of Multan District. The sample of the study consisted of head teachers of public and private schools including rural and urban areas of Multan. Questionnaires were distributed to 350 head teachers. Questionnaires were collected from 38 rural and 63 urban male public school heads, 30 rural and 35 urban female public school heads and 31 rural and 45 urban male private school heads, 18 rural and 39 urban female Private School heads. Data was analyzed by applying Percentage, mean, and correlation. The findings and Conclusion of the study were arranged. There is a shortage of basic knowledge about Management. It was recommended that effective guidance and training are needed for head teachers to overcome management problems, especially in the public sector.

Understanding Stress in the Crop Farming Community of Rawalpindi, Pakistan

Gul Rehan — 2024-07-27

This study aimed to explore the stress among crop farmers, focusing on the causes and types of stress. Farming has always played a crucial role in Pakistan's economy. However, it can be a stressful occupation, with farmers facing various stressors. The data was collected from the crop farmers of the District Rawalpindi. The sample size consisted of 60 crop farmers with an age range of 35 to 55 years. All participants were male, owned some cultivated land and were personally involved in farming. Interviews were based on open-ended questions to check the prevalence of stress among crop farmers. The result of the study indicated that small-scale crop farmers faced more stress than large-scale crop farmers. The major stressor reported by crop farmers was inclement weather conditions, and they often used a talking coping strategy. The study suggests implementing stress management programs and revising agricultural support policies to reduce stress.

A Study on the Position of Emergency Exits in the Spatial Configuration of Hostel Buildings based on Safety Standards through Space Syntax

Muhammad Bilal — 2024-07-28

The aim of this research is to validate safety standards and to analyze the position of emergency exits in the spatial configuration of hostel buildings using spatial indices. Current building design standards provide important guidelines to achieve safety in buildings during emergencies but doesn't have sufficient information for the emergency exit design in terms of spatial layout and users’ flow pattern. In the design of buildings along with other systems (Structural, HVAC, Mechanical, Materials, firefighting), it is important to focus on enhancing the Spatial Layout and, Circulation design for safe evacuation during emergency. This research utilized space syntax, Autodesk Revit for the analysis of visibility, accessibility, travel path and time analysis of emergency exits. The Depthmap identified the potential areas for the correct placement of emergency exits where the visibility, and accessibility are higher than the existing location of emergency exits. The results also validate a safety standard that emergency exit should be accessible from main corridors instead of dead ends. Based on the analysis, the emergency exits of some buildings can be relocated to potential areas to improve safety and standardize the evacuation system without damaging the physical structure of the building, which will reduce the travel distance and improve the visibility of the targeted area.

Exploring Students’ Attitudes towards Using ChatGPT in English Language Classroom at University Level

Mariam Baqir — 2024-07-28

ChatGPT, a language model chatbot introduced in November 2022, has become a focal point of interest in the educational circles, notably in the area of language acquisition. Consideration about its adoption and implementation at the higher education level are still unanswered. This study examines the attitude and how English language learners feel about utilizing ChatGPT at undergraduate level using the Technology Acceptance Model. Eight English language students from four disciplines-sociology, psychology, education, and English at private and public universities in southern Punjab Pakistan participated in semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was conducted using NVivo 14. Findings reveal the most English language learners at Pakistani’s universities have positive attitude and favorable thoughts on ChatGPT for their English Classrooms. It is incredibly user-friendly and supports students in English classes with speaking, writing, clarifying grammar structures, brainstorming, and comprehension of subject matter and assisting in projects and assignments. ChatGPT improves their individualized language learning process and makes them more motivated to study a second language. Among the difficulties they encounter include misinterpret queries, lack of contextual understanding and excessive text redundancy. The study’s findings indicate that while students have accepted this technology in their English classes, teachers should investigate it more and gather information to ensure students utilize it responsibly, help them increase their ability to critically evaluate this technology. Based on these findings research provides suggestions and future implications for further study.

Self-Construal and Life Satisfaction among Organizational Professionals

Saleem Gul — 2022-07-29

This study aims to examine the impact of self-construal on life satisfaction among professionals, analyze the relationship between self-construal types (independent and interdependent) and life satisfaction, and explore gender differences in these variables. Self-construal, reflecting individuals' self-perception in relation to others, is crucial in professional settings where identity and interactions are key. Understanding its influence on life satisfaction can enhance insights into professional well-being. A quantitative survey design was employed with 120 professionals (60 men, 60 women). Data were collected using a demographic information form, the Self-Construal Scale, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Correlations revealed significant relationships: independent self-construal (.83**) and interdependent self-construal (.88**) both correlated with life satisfaction (.50**). Independent self-construal showed moderate correlation with interdependent self-construal (.49**) and life satisfaction (.30**). Gender differences were significant in life satisfaction, with men reporting higher satisfaction. Professionals should be aware of how self-construal impacts life satisfaction, and interventions tailored to self-construal types could enhance overall well-being.

Behind the Blackboards: Prevalence and Impact of Bullying among Teachers in Public Schools of Lahore

Mubasher Muhammad Kamran — 2024-07-29

The purpose of this qualitative research was to explore the prevalence and impact of workplace bullying among public school teachers in Lahore, Pakistan. Semi-structures interviews were conducted in order to collect insights from the public-school teachers who were selected through purposive sampling technique. Questions were related to the prevalence of bullying among school teachers and its impact on the victims. Through the use of thematic analysis technique, two major themes were identified: Verbal bullying and consequences for the victim. Subthemes of verbal bullying included uncomfortable jokes about personal characteristics and personal life, sexist remarks, name calling, teasing comments, narrative building and indirect bullying. The second theme “consequences for the victims” demonstrated the unwanted consequences which included mental health challenges such as stress, anxiety, sleep issues, job burnout and lack of focus on professional responsibilities. Further research work in different settings is needed for a comprehensive understanding of the prevalence of bullying at educational workplaces is needed. Adoption of anti-bullying programs by the management at school level is also suggested for the improvement of the situation.

Identification of Academic Challenges regarding School Environment to Promote Academic Quality at Workers' Welfare Schools in Punjab, Pakistan

Muhammad Aslam — 2024-07-29

This study aimed to identify the academic problems in terms of school environment among workers' welfare schools of Punjab, Pakistan. Some of the gaps regarding the environment in which Workers’ Welfare Schools have to operate in terms of curricular delivery include the far–from–real students–teacher Ratio and the lack of proper sporting facilities. A combination of quantitative and qualitative research approaches was used. Questionnaires were administered to 165 participants, including principals, teachers, students, and parents. The results were analyzed using test statistics to determine the significance of the conclusions. The problem areas observed are the student-to-teacher ratio and quantitative supplies and deficiencies to support students’ co-curricular activities (mean = 3.32 for student-to-teacher ratio and 2.66 for sports equipment). Parents-teacher meetings were also moderately received (mean = 3.92). Additional statistics supported the results of these findings with a change point location of 0.03. The cleanliness of the physical environment and its maintenance and improvement must be implemented as soon as possible. Further, measures should be undertaken to promote academic quality and foster students’ effective learning settings.

Impact of Polygamous Marriages on Marital Ties and Family Relationships in District Battgaram of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Fakhr Ud Din — 2024-07-29

This study aimed to empirically examine the impact of polygamous marriages on marital ties and family relationships in District Battgram of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The study used qualitative paradigm wherein data was collected through in-depth interviews with 22 respondents in the targeted locales. The collected data was thematically analysed and findings of the study suggest that polygamous marriage is a common social and cultural practice in the region which has certain social, psychological and financial ramifications for families, spouses, and children. It is concluded from the study that the discriminative behavior of husband and the inequitable allocation of resources among wives in polygamous marriages leads towards feeling of jealousy, marital conflict, unhealthy competition and many other mental health issues. It is recommended that the government needs to frame policies to ensure the social security of women in polygamous marriages and the practice of polygamy may be allowed under peculiar circumstances.

Teachers’ Perceptions and Practices about Grade V and VIII Students’ Assessment under Punjab Examination Commission

Arshed Ali — 2024-07-29

Evaluation is important in the field of education. The current study's objective was to examine the viewpoints and methods teachers use when implementing the School-Based Assessment (SBA) system in the elementary schools in Kasur district. The study's conclusions are to provide the Punjab Examination Commission (PEC) with useful information by illuminating difficulties instructors have when administering SBA examinations and suggesting possible remedies. Using a proportionate sample approach, participants were chosen from three tehsils to represent the four tehsils in the Kasur district, where the study was centered on teachers and head teachers. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data from 24 participants, and Creswell's (2012) theme analysis technique was used for the qualitative analysis. The main conclusions were insufficient SBA training for teachers, a dearth of thorough monitoring of the SBA procedure in schools, teachers' lack of commitment to putting the SBA system into reality, and cases of malpractice throughout the SBA process.

The Role of Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions between Phubbing and Relationship Disillusionment among Newly Married People

Irum Javaid — 2024-07-29

The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of interpersonal cognitive distortion between phubbing and relationship disillusionment. Relationship disillusionment is feelings of disappointment, regret, defeat and hopelessness in the relationship (Niehuis et al., 2011). Phubbing behavior, misperception, unrealistic expectation and rejection feeling contribute to relationship disillusionment. Sample consisted of newly married peoples from Sargodha Divisions in Punjab, Pakistan (N = 225). A cross-sectional research design and purposive sampling technique was used to collect data. 'The Phubbing Scale' developed by Karadağ et al. (2015), interpersonal cognitive distortions scale by Hamamci and Buyukozturk (2004) and relationship disillusionment by Niehuis and Bartell (2006) were used. The finding indicated that all variables were correlated in the expected directions and all subscales of interpersonal cognitive distortions moderate the relation of phubbing with relationship disillusionment. Moreover, women experienced higher relationship disillusionment than men. This investigation focused exclusively on newly married people. Future studies should incorporate a sample with more diverse characteristics and also need to develop intervention programs that will help partner to control phubbing behavior and interpersonal cognitive distortions to improve interpersonal relation.

Identifying Parental Needs for Sensory Interventions in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Maria Mushtaq — 2024-08-02

This study aims to evaluate and understand the sensory sensitivities in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), identify the challenges faced by their parents, assess the adequacy of current support services, and determine the specific needs of parents for additional guidance and support When a child has sensory sensitivity, it can have a big influence on their everyday life. It can change their comfort level, conduct, and capacity to do normal tasks. These sensitivity might make it difficult to handle day-to-day situations, which can have an impact on growth and general well-being. A quantitative survey design was employed with 125 parents (92 mothers, 33 fathers). Data were collected using a demographic information form and the need assessment Scale. Parents of children with ASD report moderate to high levels of sensory sensitivity, with average scores ranging from 1.98 to 2.32. They have low confidence in present management strategies, scoring between 1.38 and 1.69. They emphasize the need for a new intervention package and express a strong desire for it to be available in Urdu, with mean scores of 2.92 and 2.97, respectively. To effectively treat sensory sensitivity in children with ASD, the government should create user-friendly workshops and manuals, broaden access to professional counsel, and implement bilingual support packages.

US Hegemonic Power and Future Prospects in Global Politics: A Study of the US Withdrawal from Afghanistan

Anosha Iqbal Butt — 2024-08-03

The research article aims to examine the influence of US withdrawal from Afghanistan on the US hegemonic position in the world. On 30th August 2021, after twenty years of its presence, the US officially ended the war in Afghanistan, exiting its troops from the Afghan land with the Afghan Taliban returning to power in Kabul. The withdrawal raised questions on the credibility of the US hegemonic power. To analyze the hegemonic position of the US, a qualitative approach and secondary data sources from journals, official reports and news articles are utilized. The 20-year war was a success as the US would not face any attack from terrorist organizations like Al-Qaeda on its land. On the other hand, the long war on terror in Afghanistan was also aimed at nation-building and the spread of democracy, which the US failed to implement. The article argues that the US obsession with the Global War on Terror has damaged its hegemony and has led to the rise of counter-hegemonic forces. The US needs to reiterate its commitment towards its ideals of democracy, free market, and human rights in the changing global power dynamics to legitimize its position as a hegemon in the world.

The Role of Family, Religious and Educational Institutions as Social Institutions in Shaping Sports Culture: A Comparative Analysis

Faheem Ullah Khan — 2024-08-03

Sports play a crucial role in enhancing both physical well-being and social standing. This research, conducted in Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, examined how family, religious, and educational institutions influence sports participation. The study involved a randomly selected group of 935 participants, comprising teachers and parents. Findings revealed that both families and religious organizations significantly encourage early sports involvement, with mean scores of 4.10 and 4.1619, respectively, and p-values of .000, showing statistical significance. However, it was noted that parents rarely engage in sports activities with their children, and religious institutions often lack adequate sports facilities. Educational institutions also had a notable impact on promoting sports, with a mean score of 3.6727, but faced challenges due to limited resources. While no single institution dominates sports culture, their combined efforts are crucial. The study recommends further research with a larger sample size to understand their collective impact on sports promotion.

The Effect of Aerobic Training on the Agility of Football Players: A Study in Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan

Muhammad Safdar Luqman — 2024-08-03

The existing paper aims to gauge the effect of aerobic training on the quality of agility of football players. The main objective of the paper was to articulate the effect of aerobic training on male football player's agility. Thirty players were chosen from two schools in Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, and were equally distributed into two groups same in number. Both groups had 15 players in controlled and experimental. The first group underwent aerobic training three times a week over eight weeks, while the second group, serving as the control, continued with their regular activities without any additional training.The control group was placed in one group and give aerobic exercise Three time a week for eight weeks. A shuttle run test was used to assess each participant's agility both before and after the training session. The male football player's agility was greaterly enhanced by aerobic exercise. It was also concluded that regular aerobic exercise can help male football players became more agile. It was suggested that aerobic exercise incorporating into training regimen may enhance the agility of the football players. It was also suggested that providing of paper facilities of the training may improve the agility power of the players.

Digital Technology and Adolescent Well-Being: A Comparative Study of Pakistan and Canada

Rizwan — 2024-08-04

This study aims to assess the impact of digital technology use on the digital well-being of adolescents in Pakistan and Canada. Unlike previous research relying on secondary data, this study gathers primary data directly from adolescents on a five-dimensional Likert scale from the Center for Trusted Internet and Community at the National University of Singapore. The study examines the impact of digital technology use on digital consumption, health, civic participation, employment, and social relations, as well as their subsequent effects on digital well-being. A quantitative approach was employed, with data sample of 300 survey questionnaires from Pakistan and Canada.
The findings show a positive correlation between digital technology use and digital consumption, civic participation, employment, and social relations. Negative impacts are observed on digital health due to low use of health apps, resulting in headaches, eye strain, and sleep issues. Differences in digital civic participation and online shopping habits are influenced by economic and accessibility factors. Encourage balanced digital consumption, promote health app usage, and enhance digital literacy programs to support informed civic participation.

Pedagogical Use of WhatsApp: Teachers, Views and Experiences

Fouzia Ramzan — 2024-08-05

Technology has made it easier to connect, interact, explore and learn. The smartphone is a unique and valuable device. WhatsApp is the most popular mobile app used for multiple purposes worldwide. The study aimed to get the teachers' views of the Public Colleges of Punjab, Pakistan, BS (Physics) regarding the pedagogical use of WhatsApp and their challenges. The study used an interpretative paradigm, qualitative method and phenomenological design. The data was collected through in-depth unstructured interviews and purposively analysed using a thematic coding inductive approach. The target population was all the teachers (Female/Male) of Public Colleges of Punjab, Pakistan, BS (Physics) Programme, and the sample was drawn from the target population purposively till saturation (12 college teachers =6 Females and 6 Males). The study recommended the pedagogical use of WhatsApp by determining some boundaries for students to interact.

The Portrayal of Jaranwala Incident in National and Regional Press: A Discourse Analysis

Munwar Ali Kalwar — 2024-08-05

This study examines the representation of the Jaranwala Incident in both national and regional press outlets. How are Muslims and Christians represented linguistically? Hundreds of Muslims armed with batons and sticks stormed churches in Jaranwala after the Holy Quran was allegedly desecrated. Videos on social media showed hundreds of people armed with batons and sticks setting fire to the Salvation Army Church and the Saint Paul Catholic Church, while another mob torched private homes and broke windows. The event was reported by the media, and the newspaper supplied factual information to the people. Discourse analysis is the methodology of the study. The word in the newspaper is the unit of analysis. Two main English, one Urdu, and one Sindhi newspapers are taken as a sample of study. The research findings indicated that daily Dawn remains neutral. During the research it was founded that The News has the Right Wing behavior. It declares Pakistan as the only place for the Muslims. The Daily Intikhab remained neutral and Sindhi Daily The Kawish remained impartial. It is concluded that Government should review its press policy. Non-seriousness of press leads dire consequences.

Impact of Obsessive and Harmonious Work Passion on Job Satisfaction: Moderating Role of Psychological Detachment

Kanwal Bilal — 2024-08-05

The study explored the outcomes of harmonious and excessive work enthusiasm on work-life enrichment, and how job satisfaction is impacted by these factors, with psychological detachment serving a moderating influence. Survey questions have been used to gather information from Pakistan's numerous education sectors, both online and in-person.102 is the sample, collected on random basis. Job happiness is positively impacted by harmonious work enthusiasm, and has a good influence on work-life enrichment. Work harmoniously has a detrimental influence on work-life enrichment, have negative impact on job satisfaction. Psychological distancing balances the relationship between harmonious and obsessive job passions, although it does not moderate or balances the former because of ongoing stress and demands of work. Human resources experts are starting to pay consideration to the study of work passion, the beneficial effects have observed in previous studies regarding work passion that enhanced the understanding of authors in these fields.

Legal and Institutional Challenges in Establishing an East Asian Regional Organization

Fazzal Abbas — 2024-08-06

The establishment of a regional organization in East Asia is a complex endeavor fraught with legal and institutional challenges. This article explores the institutional structures, legal frameworks, historical background, and policy consequences associated with the establishment of this kind of organization. This study draws on a thorough literature assessment to emphasize the political ideologies, long-standing historical tensions, and lack of trust amongst East Asian nations that impede cooperation efforts. Regional integration is made more difficult by legal heterogeneity, concerns about sovereignty, and economic inequality, which calls for creative approaches to institutional design and legal harmonization. While comparative studies of current regional models—like the European Union and ASEAN—provide insightful information, East Asian dynamics call for modifications.

Teachers’ Perception regarding Principals’ Instructional Leadership Style at Higher Secondary Level

Shafia Abid — 2024-08-06

The study aimed to examine teachers' perceptions of principals' instructional leadership i.e., formatting educational objectives, developing learning environment, protecting instructional time and supervising & monitoring progress in public sector higher secondary institutions. Instructional leadership plays a crucial role in shaping the educational environment, teachers' performance and influencing student outcomes. Understanding how teachers perceive their principals’ leadership can provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of these styles. A quantitative, descriptive research approach was adopted, with a survey method used for data collection. The population included 100 higher secondary institutions in Lahore, and a sample of 480 teachers from 40 institutions was selected using a two-stage proportionate sampling technique. The first stage involved selecting 25 female and 15 male institutions, and the second stage involved conveniently selecting 12 teachers per institution. A five-point Likert scale questionnaire, adapted from Khan (2012), was used as the data collection instrument. SPSS version 22.0 was used for data analysis. The results showed that principals were positively perceived by teachers especially in developing learning environments. It is recommended that future research focus on gender-based comparisons and alignment between teachers’ and principals' perspectives to enhance leadership practices.

Experiences of Women Leaders in the Academia of Pakistan: Social Expectations and Challenges for Women Leadership

Anum Awan — 2024-08-07

The research adopts a qualitative approach to delve into the experiences of women leaders within Pakistan's higher education sector. Its primary aim is to explore the societal expectations and challenges that these women face in their leadership roles. To gather relevant insights, the study employed purposive sampling, selecting 30 participants from six universities located in Lahore, Rawalpindi, and Islamabad. This strategic selection ensured that the participants were well-positioned to offer valuable perspectives on the topic. Data collection was carried out through in-depth interviews, allowing for a rich, nuanced understanding of the participants' experiences. Thematic analysis was then used to analyze the collected data, leading to the identification of one overarching theme. This main theme was further divided into five sub-themes, reflecting recurring patterns in the participants' responses. These sub-themes provide a structured framework to better understand the societal expectations, challenges, and nuances of women's leadership in the workplace within the context of higher education in Pakistan. This approach offers significant insights into the complex dynamics of gender and leadership in the country

Unveiling the Gothic Dimensions of Memory, Guilt, and Redemption in Sorayya Khan's Noor

Anka Shahid — 2024-08-09

The objective of the research is to explore Sorraya Khan's Noor through the lens of Gothic studies, revealing its engagement with themes of decay, death, terror, chaos, gender, patriarchy, memory, and identity crisis. Like traditional Gothic literature, Noor delves into the uncanny, employing motifs such as mutilated bodies, mystery, revenants, and suspense. By analyzing these elements, the dissertation offers a deeper understanding of the novel's darker themes and the emotional and psychological struggles of its characters. Contrary to existing interpretations, which largely focus on Sajida's search for identity and origins, this study argues that Noor is not solely about Sajida or Noor, but rather centers on Ali—his 'sin,' 'silence,' and eventual 'confession.' While many critics view Ali as merely symbolic of West Pakistan's violence over East Pakistan, this research contends that the novel's true focus lies in Ali's personal hauntings. Through a Gothic framework and methodology, the dissertation establishes Noor as a unique contribution to South Asian literature, where the Gothic elements serve to critique both personal and political violence, particularly during the Bangladesh Liberation War.

Impact of Learning Environment on Academic Performance of Colleges Students

Sonaina Niazi — 2024-08-10

The study focuses on the impact of learning environment on academic performance of Colleges students. Quantitative method was applied. Therefore, survey research design was used. Population was comprised of 85 five colleges of five districts of Punjab including Layyah, Bhakhar, Rahim Yar Khan, Dera Ghazi Khan, and Bahawalpur. A sample of 384 students was selected through stratified sampling method out of 50893 under the guidelines of Krejcie and Morgan (1970) sample table. Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) was applied to assess the learning environment of the colleges whereas academic performance of students was assessed by different dimension which identified by Lateef (2020). Researcher validated the instrument by using Content Validity Ratio (CVR) in which all the items falls between the acceptable range whereas the reliability score of DREEM and academic performance scale estimated .873 and .799 respectively. Pearson product correlation, linear regression, t-test and ANOVA were used. The study concluded that learning environment has positively and significantly impact on the students’ academic performance. It is recommended that teachers and college administration work together to build a positive learning environment through mutual understanding and cooperation in order to produce a productive learning environment which enhance the academic performance of students.

Hybrid Identities and the Other: Indigenous Culture and Representation in Tariq Rahman’s Bingo

Sidra Shafi — 2024-08-10

This research aims to explore the depiction of indigenous culture in Tariq Rahman’s short story Bingo. Rahman’s portrayal of indigenous culture is analyzed to point out features that fully depict the culture by employing a qualitative approach and delves into the thematic analysis. Edward Said’s Orientalism (1978), Homi K. Bhabha’s Hybridity (1994) theories work as a theoretical framework which highlights the author’s positive and negative representations that create a picture of identity, Indigenous struggles and resilience. This paper also analyses how Rahman portrays them as presenting indigenous culture as an inexpensive façade which also captures the Native Americans’ exploitative culture as ‘Other’. The research concludes an authentic portrayal of indigenous culture and its incorporation into Bingo which not only highlights the necessity of diverse and genuine representation of the oppressed citizens of the society but also demonstrates the potential of postcolonial literature to challenge the boundaries of cultural identity.

Economic Consequences of Political Instability in Pakistan: A Study of Fiscal Policy and Investor Confidence

Ali Haider Dogar — 2024-08-11

This study examines the economic consequences of political instability in Pakistan, focusing on its effects on fiscal policy and investor confidence. Pakistan’s history of political turbulence has repeatedly disrupted economic growth, leading to fiscal imbalances, public debt, and diminished investor confidence. Political events often result in short-term fiscal decisions that have long-lasting negative impacts on the economy. The research employs a qualitative approach, analysing secondary data from government reports, economic surveys, and investor sentiment studies to assess the relationship between political instability, fiscal policy, and investment trends. The study finds that political instability contributes to rising budget deficits, inflation, and exchange rate volatility, while also undermining both domestic and foreign investor confidence. Frequent policy reversals and uncertainty further exacerbate economic challenges. To mitigate these effects, the study suggests adopting resilient fiscal frameworks, enhancing transparency in economic governance, and leveraging support from international institutions like the IMF and World Bank during times of political instability.

The Effect of Modern Technologies on the Efficiency of University Teachers

Rizwan Ahmed — 2024-08-14

The primary objective of this study was to examine the effect of modern technologies on teachers’ efficiency. It was quantitative research, and the researchers used an ex-post facto (Causal-comparative) research design. This study was conducted at public universities in the Punjab province. The sample consisted of male and female university teachers. The selection was based on the simple random sampling technique. The researchers developed a five-point Likert scale questionnaire for data collection. The ANOVA was used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that there was a significant impact of modern technologies on teachers’ efficiency. It was also concluded that teachers’ computer literacy significantly impacts teachers’ efficiency. Computer-literate teachers perform better. It is recommended that faculty have access to reliable tools for teaching, such as video conferencing software, digital whiteboards, projectors and virtual labs. This allows teachers to efficiently manage classes without compromising quality.

From Deontological to Teleological, Analyzing Hashtag Activism in Twitter Users of Pakistan

Seemab Far Bukhari — 2024-08-15

This study aims to investigate the way twitter users blind follow a hashtag despite knowing the possible harms associated with a tweet. Drawing upon the theoretical perspective of Utalitarianism, or consequential ethics the study asserts that majority of Twitter users in Pakistan may hold teleological approach towards Twitter handler by intentionally posting agnostic content to make their self -perceived viewpoints viral. For the purpose, 300 Twitter users having tendency of posting political content are selected through snowball sampling and then surveyed through a questionnaire developed on 5 points Likert scale. The application of teleological ethical approach is vindicated by the results derived after the collection of data. The presence of significant correlations is observed among the taken variables, proving the manifestation of proposed hypothesis. Though users acknowledge that abusive tweet is unethical but on the contrary when scrutinized, they were found to be a part of the same immoral culture of re-posting violent tweets. The study recommends that users should consider them in the shoes of others before blind following a hashtag.

Democratization in Pakistan: An Analysis of Governance during PTI’s Government (2018-2022)

Muhammad Rizwan Haleeemi — 2024-08-16

The main objective of this research is to focuses on analyzing the performance of the Prime Minister Mr. Imran Khan and his political party, PTI, who campaigned on the promise of change, from 2018 to 2022 in democratic processes. This article examines how the nearly four-year period of Mr. Khan's leadership in governance differed from the same timeframe in the previous. Democracy is recognized as the leading political system today. Nations that have established strong democratic practices and value their parliamentary institutions are prospering around the world. Key elements of a democratic system include a legislative body, a functioning executive branch and an independent judiciary. These three institutions must work within their specific areas of authority and follow the guidelines set by the constitution. Pakistan has established a democratic form of governance to operate within its territory. This research employs qualitative methodology to enhance the outcomes. Parliament members must be responsible to the voters for how well they perform their duties. There are no easy ways to quickly enhance the process of democratization and establish democracy in a country. To create a genuine parliamentary democracy, we must advance more swiftly in the correct direction.

Evaluating the Effects of Problem Solving Model, Traditional Instructional Model and 5E Instructional Model on Students Academic Achievement

Rafia Tahira — 2024-08-16

Educationists are focusing to introduce changes in the pedagogy and create new paradigm which suits the globalized generation. This study has compared the effects of traditional instructional model, problem solving model and 5E instructional model on 9th grade Secondary School students' achievements in the subject of general science. Objectives of the study were to compare the effects of these instructional models and to explore the effect on gender difference. The experimental design, 'pretest posttest control group design' was used. By adopting purposive sampling technique, 90 girls and 90 boys were selected. These 180 students were further distributed into two control and four experimental groups, comprising of 30 students in each group. The results revealed that these models yielded better achievement results. While, no significant difference was observed among male and female students. It was recommended to enhance competency of teachers by equipping them with innovative instructional methodologies.

9/11 and American Democracy Promotion in the Arab Gulf States: Strategic Frameworks and Diplomatic Initiatives

Muhammad Azam — 2024-08-19

Focusing on American efforts to implement the Freedom Agenda in the Arab Gulf States, the objective of this study is to explore how democracy promoting states and societies strategize in particular cases and how do such nations harness diplomatic resources to push the democratic reforms. Following the events of 9/11, American attention increasingly shifted towards the Middle East and its efforts to promote democratic governance. The investigation is grounded in both primary and secondary source materials. The Bush Administration employed four distinct institutional frameworks for promoting the democratic reforms in the Gulf states: (a) governmental departments; (b) American private organisations; (c) international organisations; and (d) regional organisations originating from the Arab Gulf states. In order for the Gulf states to have constitutional monarchy in the near future, it is crucial to strengthen the constitutions.

An Analysis of the Abuse of Dominance using Artificial Intelligence (AI) enabled Price Discrimination from a Law and Economics Perspective

Shahzada Aamir Mushtaq — 2024-08-23

This research examines AI-driven price discrimination in digital marketplaces, comparing it to competition law. While AI can enhance efficiency and customer welfare, it can also lead to exclusion and exploitative consequences. The EU and China have implemented competition laws and regulations to address unfair price discrimination, demonstrating that a legal reaction based on competition laws is not always necessary. Competition authorities must balance various factors to effectively address AI-driven price discrimination in digital markets. It evaluates the potential for abuse of dominance and the negative impact on competition and consumers. The research uses legal research methodology to examine price discrimination laws and their evolution, comparing them with traditional forms of dominance. It also examines the economic arguments of market efficiency and fairness, consumer detriment, and regulatory action. The paper recommends increased regulation of AI pricing and improved consumer protection measures to prevent unfair market conditions.

Teaching Effectiveness and Character Strengths of Secondary School Teachers: Mediating Role of Teacher' Sense of Self-Efficacy

Sidra Shoaib — 2024-08-23

This research explored the relationship of multiple ratings of teaching effectiveness (TE) i.e. self-ratings (SR) and students’ ratings (StR) with Character Strengths (CS) with the mediating role of teacher’s sense of self-efficacy (TSE) among secondary school teachers. Teaching, if done effectively, plays an integral role in shaping student outcomes and overall educational performance. Understanding the factors that contribute to teaching effectiveness (TE) is vital for improving instructional practices and fostering student success. Traditional assessments of TE often rely on students' ratings (StR) and self-ratings (SR) by teachers. However, these evaluations can be influenced by various internal and external factors, including the teacher's sense of self-efficacy (TSE) and their character strengths (CS). The participants consisted of N=303 secondary school teachers and their three students per teacher (N= 909). The instruments included Teaching Effectiveness Self and Students' Rating Scales, VIA-Inventory of Strengths and Teacher’s Sense of Self-efficacy Scale. The results revealed TSE mediated the relationship (except for humility in StR) with the strengths of vitality, kindness, leadership, humility, spirituality (SR & StR), curiosity, open-mindedness, persistence, integrity, citizenship, social intelligence, prudence, hope, gratitude (SR) and love of learning (StR) positively predicting TE. This was subjected to a positive relationship among TE (SR & StR) with all the CS (except for bravery and perspective in StR) and TSE. These findings have implications in teachers’ selection, recruitment and training. This research can be extended to CS of different levels of teachers like pre-school, primary, middle and secondary school teachers should be compared with respect to their effectiveness and subject specialization.

An Investigation of Utilization and Accessibility of Information and Communication Technology among Higher Secondary School Teachers and Students

Cheng Wen Lee — 2024-08-24

This paper primarily aims to investigate information and communication technology accessibility among teachers and students in higher secondary schools in Gilgit Baltistan GB. The study included 200 students and 100 teachers from various government, private, and non-governmental schools in Gilgit Baltistan. The LIKERT scale was used to design a questionnaire and was distributed to teachers and students the data was statistically analyzed, revealing the average percentage of both teacher and student has been accessibility level 53.47%, 42.61%, and non-accessibility level 46.53%, 57.34%. The analysis shows that the teacher's accessibility level has been moderate, while students have had a low one. Further, teachers educationally lack advanced level skills, and students have no such barrier to using educational tools. Based on these findings, it was recommended that institutions and authorities should provide advance level skill training to teachers and educational tools to both students and teachers to ensure ICT integration in the teaching and learning process.

Mobile Phones in Agriculture: Understanding the Role of Perceived Awareness in Shaping Farmers' Adoption Decisions in Punjab, Pakistan

A. R. Shahzad — 2024-08-26

Moving beyond the traditional technology adoption framework, this research investigates the complex relation between farmers' existing awareness and internal factors such as mobile phone adoption in Pakistan's agricultural sector. The present study has drawn a total random sample of 416 farmers from the five different agro-ecological zones of the Punjab Province in Pakistan through survey for data collection on mobile phone awareness and adoption intentions. The results show that farmers are aware of the benefits of mobile phones, but still need to improve their use of specialized apps and services for important farming tasks. The findings complement traditional adoption models, showing that behavioral intentions are formed by a direct combination of attitudes, prior awareness, and internal factors. The findings of the study highlight the importance of targeted interventions by extension professionals and policy makers to equip farmers with the necessary skills to use mobile phones, digital inclusion and promote agricultural development.

Analyzing the Factors Influencing the Legislative Performance of Female Parliamentarians in Pakistan (2013-2023)

Rifat Rafeeq — 2024-08-27

parliamentarians of the National Assembly in Pakistan and they have faced very dynamic political and social changes from 2013 to 2023.In different parts of the world, the advancement of women in political positions is a big sign. The development of egalitarian relations between the sexes in cultures such as Pakistani culture, for a long time limited women in their interactions with the public domain. This study uses a qualitative research design to examine the nature of gender based political participation and uses data collected from interviews with female lawmakers and legislative and media records and also seeks to use intersectional analysis to determine the various ways in which the female parliamentarians are discriminated against such as the social-cultural practices, political marginalization and legislations. The examination reveals substantial challenges that curb their legislative impact: they are locked out from occupying key leadership positions in their parties, are met with pervasive hostility from male counterparts who do not wish to see women’s rights advanced, and are denied institutional help in enacting the laws passed, making them ineffectual on various fronts – policy-making inclusive. Separate women's wings should be formed within various parties through which women members can foster sisterhood, gain experience as well as some form of leadership and will train women leaders on matters such as public speaking, policy formulation and political campaign among others, in order to prepare them to effectively compete for higher posts.

Transforming Your Life through Mindfulness: Practices, Resilience Building, and Goal-Setting

Kashifa Yasmeen — 2024-08-27

This study aimed to explore the transformative effects of mindfulness practices, resilience building, and effective goal-setting on personal growth and mental well-being amidst rising mental health issues. Existing research highlights the significance of these elements in promoting emotional well-being and life satisfaction; however, their specific interactions remain less understood. Using a mixed-methods design, the study surveyed 300 participants aged 18-45, employing validated questionnaires to measure mindfulness, resilience, and goal-setting efficacy. Findings revealed a strong positive relationship between mindfulness and resilience, as well as a significant connection between effective goal-setting and life satisfaction. Participants engaging in mindfulness practices reported lower levels of anxiety and depression, suggesting enhancements in mental health. The results advocate for integrating mindfulness and resilience training into personal development programs, while future research should utilize longitudinal designs and include diverse populations to further validate these findings. Overall, the study emphasizes the critical role of mindfulness, resilience, and goal-setting in fostering mental well-being and personal growth.

The Unseen Costs: Physical Security and its Impact on Energy Security

Majid Mohsin — 2024-08-27

The energy security of the state is in fact the National Security of the state. The components of energy systems are integrally interwoven in such a way that impact on one component cause cascading effects on all the others. Electric transmission systems are often underappreciated in the broader discourse on energy security, emphasizing the need for in-depth scrutiny. This study focuses on interdisciplinary approach to see the energy security through a holistic lens for studying the energy systems as an entity rather than as a collection of parts under the umbrella of General System Theory. The study used triangulation approach for validating the data and reducing bias. The results predicted future reparations and energies / concentration required as per actual encumbrance of threats faced by energy security towards strategic approach in enhancing National Security posture for effective balance in region of South Asia.

The concept of Islamic Financial Management in the light of Quranic Teachings: A way forward to Organizations

Shahid Latif — 2024-08-28

This study aims to explore the concept of Islamic Financial Management (IFM) from the perspective of Quranic Verses. Islamic Financial Management is a significant concept, and its roots are present in Quranic Verses. It mirrors the comprehensive approach in which ethical and moral principles are ingrained. To explore IFM from the perspective of the Quran, a qualitative research approach was incorporated and qualitative content analysis was applied as a data analysis technique to analyze the Quranic Verses selected based on purpose sampling. The results indicated that four significant themes emerged from Quranic verses explaining the IFM concept. These themes are ‘Interest prohibition and fair trade promotion’, ‘Wealth as a trust and sense of accountability’, ‘Social responsibility and wealth distribution’, and ‘Trust and contract fulfilment’. Based on these findings, organizations are recommended to concentrate on developing financial policy frameworks based on the concept of IFM in the light of the Quranic Teachings.

Investigating Differentiated Instructions for Students with Visual Impairment on Teaching of Maths

Burhan Ahmad — 2024-08-29

Differentiated education necessitates that educators address the diverse needs of students within a classroom setting. In this context, when a teacher modifies their standard instructional approach to cater to a specific individual or group, facilitating their comprehension of a concept while simultaneously fostering a conducive environment for all students, that teacher is differentiating instruction. Objectives of the study were to test the efficacy of using differentiated instruction to teach maths to students with visual impairments. The participants were primary school-aged children with visual impairments attending a Special Education Institution. Thirty students from the Gujranwala district took part in the study. For this study, we used a very simple random sampling method. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that students' performance in Math’s will improve with the introduction of differentiated instruction. After three weeks of intervention, students in the experimental group had their lessons differentiated to their individual learning styles while those in the control group continued to receive only traditional, whole-class instruction. The math proficiency and interest of pupils were investigated via the creation of a pre- and post-test. Differentiated instruction has been found to significantly affect students' academic achievement and engagement in the math classroom. There is dire need of differentiated instructions to meet diverse needs of Special needs community.

Investigating the narrative structure of Old Man and the Sea: A comparative analysis of Bremond’s model The Logic of Narrative Possibilities and the Actantial Model of Greimas

Ayaz Muhammad Shah — 2024-08-29

The present study attempts to test Bremond’s model The Logic of Narrative Possibilities and the Actantial Model of Greimas through explicating the narrative structure of the novel, Old Man and the Sea. In this research, a mixed method along with comparative study is mad through the application of these models to narratives structure of the novel. The research explores that both these reductionist models, though use different terminology, investigate the same issues and structure of the story. Hence, they have a strong association. This comparative study of structure inquiry has been used for the first time in broaching the structure of Old Man and the Sea. This study affirms the universality of these models that can be applied to all forms of narrative fiction. Hence it is recommended for the researchers to carry out further study by applying them to the structures of other forms of narrative fiction, like short stories, visual narratives and paintings. Thus, the research shows a new vista for researchers to probe further

Digital Interaction and Academic Achievement: Social Media’s Role in Education at the Higher Secondary Level in Skardu

Vilayat Ali — 2024-08-29

Students mostly use social media sources as Facebook, Whatsapp and Twitter for social connections and communications. The present study investigated the impact of social media on academic achievement at intermediate level in district Skardu focusing the three social networking sites of social media. The role of social media and its impact on academic achievement is deeply studied with the help of a structured questionnaire from randomly selected 75 male and female students. Findings revealed that majority of the respondents strongly agreed that social media has its impact on academic achievement and mostly the impact is against the better and good academic achievement. The respondents also revealed that both the Facebook and Whatsapp have negative impact on academic matters and just Twitter is somehow used for academic matters. As far as data sites are concerned, personal blogging sites of experts are more reliable for academic learning as compare to Wikipedia. This paper is useful for the students of intermediate level who use different sources of social media during academic process. For better academic performance the students of higher secondary level are suggested to avoid social media usage for better academic performance.

Subverting Traditional Feminine Conventions in Samra Zafar’s A Good Wife: Escaping the Life I Never Chose

Fatima Tuz Zahra — 2024-08-30

This paper focuses on the life of Samra Zafar’s as portrayed in her memoir A Good Wife: Escaping the Life I Never Chose (2019). Though the society tries its best to confine Zafar’s life according to culturally prescribed boundaries, she breaks every convention, makes herself identifiable in everyone’s eyes and sticks to her own view-point. Initially she was, at some level, confused and didn’t know whether to fulfill her personal demands or cultural conventions, which were continuously forcing her to live according to them, but then, with the course of time, she realizes everything and subverts every norm which, for her, was unacceptable. Generally, this work, along with female’s right, also talks about intimate-partner abuse, but this paper discusses only those points where the protagonist becomes aware about her mistreatment and takes action. Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique (1963) talks about females’ rights especially their involvement in outside affairs and is an important work in the history of feminist cause. Zafar’s memoir is analyzed through this lens. It is obvious that Friedan’s book elements are very similar with Zafar’s personal story; both of them discuss that how a woman can gain her autonomy and agency in a world where everyone is trying to put her back in the world of prison. Moreover, Zafar doesn’t gain an independent life for herself but also for others and becomes an inspiring soul, who tries her best to save others from the same situation. The outcomes, which are derived from this investigation, reveal the rebelliousness and enmity of protagonist towards society, where her education, employment and freedom of action or expression are of utmost significance for her, and she changes her fate with the aid of her intellective passions, especially education.

Use of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies and their Association with Academic Burnout of University Students

Hafiza Maryam Naz — 2024-08-30

Academic burnout is one of the biggest issues of the modern period. Academic burnout is depicted by a prolonged lack of interest in the student's studies and a loss in output. This study set out to measure the degree of academic burnout experienced by university students, examine differences in their academic burnout levels, and ascertain whether academic burnout and CER Strategies are related. This survey study included a quantitative analysis of the three campuses of the University of Education Lahore. A correlation design was used. The target population consisted of both male and female students enrolled in the three campuses of university. The multistage sampling was used to collect sample of 300 students, with an equal representation of 150 males and 150 females. Two scales were included in a closed-ended questionnaire of survey. The study's findings indicate that academic stress leads to academic burnout among university students. The study also found that students in the Science and Education divisions report the same level of cynicism, but students in the Arts and Social Sciences division differ significantly. Adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies had a significant negative correlation, in contrast to the high positive association observed with maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Future teacher educators and policy maker can adopt such strategies to reduced academic burns out in higher educational institutions.

Utilizing ChatGPT to Elevate Teaching and Learning in Pakistani Universities

Aammara Balqees — 2024-08-30

This research examines the generative AI tool ChatGPT and its use in the teaching and learning experience in Pakistani higher education. The study's primary objective was to assess ChatGPT's application for making educational processes more efficient, for personalizing learning experiences, and for overcoming the sundry problems that real-world. AI implementation presents to actual human stakeholders—in this case, the teachers and learners within the higher education sector. It employed a quantitative research design to gather relevant data that could lead to a more comprehensive understanding of this phenomenon. This survey targeted a limited number of educators and learners at the university level—specifically, from the undergraduate, graduate, master's, and doctorate levels—to obtain their perspectives on the interaction with ChatGPT and its impact on their education.ChatGPT is increasingly being adopted in our colleges and universities, and we recommend that its use be permitted. It was recommended that our institutions to craft usage policies about ChatGPT and other AI tools.

Examining the Role of Digital Strategy in Digital Transformation Success in the Presence of Workforce Agility: Evidence from Health Sector Digital Transformation Projects

Adnan Ahmed Khan — 2024-09-01

Therefore, this study investigates the nexus between digital strategy (DS) and digital transformation success (DTS) by highlighting the mediating effect of workforce agility. The increasing customer demand due to the rapid technological advancements, the Pakistani health sector is under pressure to innovate and adapt novel solutions. To understand this relationship, we collected data from employees working in hospitals of Pakistan by using the SPSS software to analyze the data. The findings revealed that DS positively affect DTS, and workforce is positively mediate this relationship. These insights are especially significant for health sector in Pakistan pursuing to successfully manage the challenges created by technology advancement and accomplish sustainable performance in the current digital age.

Quality of Life and Somatoform Symptoms among Afghan Adults: Mediating role of Self-Compassion

Irfanullah Khitab Momand — 2024-09-01

Research aimed to examine relationship among self-compassion, quality of life, and somatoform symptoms in individuals from Afghanistan and to find mediating role of self-compassion between quality of life and somatoform symptoms. Afghanistan has been facing political instability and violence, resulting in profound psychological distress among its population. Somatoform symptoms are prevalent among conflict-affected populations and severely effect ones’ quality of life. 300 adults recruited from three universities. Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form (SCS-SF), the World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF), and the Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) were used for data collection. Results indicated self-compassion and quality of life had significant positive relationship. Furthermore, both self-compassion and quality of life were negatively associated with somatoform symptoms. Results showed relationship between quality of life and somatoform symptoms is partially mediated by self-compassion. The study offers practical implications for promoting well-being in individuals, particularly in contexts with unique socio-cultural challenges.

Impact of Social Media on Media Ethics of Journalists in South Punjab, Pakistan

Samia Manzoor — 2024-09-01

Abstract The current study aimed to identify common themes related to the issues of content authenticity, algorithmic biases, professional ethics, and their impact on journalistic practices. The rise in reliance on social media has impacted journalistic practices. The current research aimed to explore how media ethics have been affected due to social media. Employing a qualitative research approach, this study gathered data through in-depth interviews with journalists representing diverse media outlets. Participants were asked about their experiences, perspectives, and observations regarding the ethical challenges they encounter while reporting on social media platforms. The analysis of interview data revealed several significant themes. Firstly, the blurring line between professional journalism and user-generated content has led to issues of information credibility and source verification. Algorithmic influences and filter bubbles have contributed to the echo chamber effect, limiting exposure to diverse viewpoints. Journalists often grapple with pressures to prioritize sensational and viral content, leading to potential conflicts between responsible reporting and engagement metrics. The challenge of verifying information from social media sources was also evident, affecting the accuracy and reliability of news reporting. The results showed that social media has impacted media ethics positively as well as negatively.

Political Parties and National Integration: A Case Study of Pakistan

Hadia Jathol — 2024-09-03

This qualitative study explores the links between political parties and national integration in Pakistan and to analyze the influence of political parties on national integration and assess the role of Political history, Power and Governance in this context. The background includes a brief history of National Integration, various Integration application and National Integration Theories and techniques such as the Consociational approach, the model of the unity in variety and the perquisites of federalism. The case study technique was employed for this Study, which focused on the history of National Integration and the Performance of Pakistani Administrations. The Finding of this Study reveal that Political Parties have played an important role in National Integration, yet their abuse of power has resulted in turbulence such as Bangladesh’s separation. This Study recommends to recognize the need for National Integration, developing exemplary governing performance and comprehending National Integration components such as Islamic and National democratic Integration. Furthermore, forming new Provinces is not always a solution to better Administration, as it may jeopardize National Unity.

Representation of Kashmir’s Subjugation through War Photos: A Semiotic Analysis

Ayesha Khan — 2024-09-03

This study examines how linguistic features and sign systems in war photographs of Kashmir increase violence, insecurity, and the quest for freedom under subjugation. Recent studies of semiotic analyses on war reveal how photographs influence public perception and political narratives. The Kashmir conflict is understudied, highlighting the interplay of photographs and linguistic elements respectively. Using a purposive sampling approach, data was collected from Indian and Pakistani top three newspapers We applied Rose's model to analyze the data. The linguistic and semiotic analysis revealed a significant relationship between verbal and visual signs, power dynamics; ideological biases, ethical considerations, and emotional responses. Also, this study found how Indian media portrays Pakistan as the primary instigator of the Kashmir conflict and the harsh challenges faced by Kashmiri civilians. This study provides recommendations for future researchers that how hashtags, captions and user-generated content contribute to the discourse.

Growing Radicalization in Pakistan and Government Tactics: A Critical Analysis

Surriyya Saif — 2024-09-07

The purpose of this study is to examine the causes behind the growing radicalization in Pakistan and to elaborate the government tactics to control the radicalization in Pakistan. The historical perspective can help in finding the root causes of radicalization and extremism from the day after independence. In this study qualitative methodology was used and the data from range of sources to investigate the growing radicalization. Numerous internal and external factors contribute to the already polarized society of Pakistan, which turns into extremism. The use of relative deprivation theory examines the radicalization in Pakistan through the prism of relative hardship which asserts when expectations diverge, people experience dissatisfaction and disagreement which leads to radicalization. This study recommends to build a strong relationship between state and the radicalized group by eliminating radicalization and introducing reforms by giving counter narrative of moderate and Liberal Pakistan.