Pakistan Social Sciences Review

Parental Perceptions of Early Childhood Education (ECE) Benefits in Punjab, Pakistan: A Mixed Methods Study

Dr. Abdul Qayyum, Asif Nadeem, Amber Saeed — Mon, 01 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0500

This study aimed to investigate the factors influencing parental perceptions of Early Childhood Education (ECE) benefits and enrollment decisions in Punjab, Pakistan. Early Childhood Education (ECE) programs offer numerous benefits for children's cognitive, social, and emotional development. However, parental perceptions and enrollment choices can be influenced by various factors. This study explores these factors within the context of Lahore District, Punjab, Pakistan. A mixed methods approach was employed, utilizing a descriptive survey questionnaire administered to 150 parents and focus group discussions to gain deeper qualitative insights. The study identified limitations in Lahore's ECE school infrastructure, parental background (particularly education level) influencing enrollment decisions, and teacher qualifications and motivation as key factors impacting parental perceptions. Based on the findings, recommendations are made to improve Lahore's ECE system. These include strategic resource allocation for infrastructure development, targeted outreach programs to educate parents about ECE benefits, and investments in teacher quality through professional development and competitive compensation packages.

Factors Shaping Career pathways of Students with Hearing Impairments: A Comparative Analysis

Dr. Asma Kanwal, Dr. Rukhsana Bashir, Komal Shahzadi — Mon, 01 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0500

The study explored what shapes the career paths of students with hearing impairments, focusing on a quantitative, descriptive approach. With limited research addressing this group, this study aimed to fill the gap by investigating influential factors. A purposive sample of 115 students was selected from nine divisions of Punjab, using a validated questionnaire covering ten domains. With a reliability coefficient of 0.995, the survey collected data for analysis. The results highlighted that financial considerations and education are the most significant factors in career choices. Extracurricular activities, global integration, and technological advancements also play notable roles. Personal interests, role models, cultural norms, family influence, and peer groups were found to support career decisions. These elements create a complex, interconnected web influencing career planning. The study found that gaps in these areas often negatively impact career choices. Addressing these barriers is essential for fostering positive career pathways for hearing-impaired students. The study recommends creating comprehensive support systems to effectively empower and guide these students in their career journeys.

The Influence of Organizational Health on Student Social Development: The Mediating Role Teacher Commitment to Students

Abida Abdul Aziz, Khalid Rashid — Wed, 03 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0500

Organizational health and students' social development are the key concerns of teachers. The primary objective of this study was to examine organizational health's influence on students’ social development. The study found that organizational health positively affects students’ social development. The study participants were the SST/SSE teachers and students in 10th grade. We used a cross-sectional survey research design in the current quantitative study to collect data from 459 SST/SSE teachers and students. The data were analyzed using SPSS (version 26) software. However, to test the hypothesized relationship, the study employed Structural Equation Modeling in AMOS 25. The results revealed that all the proposed hypotheses were supported. The study contributes to the different streams of literature, including organizational health, teacher commitment to students, and students’ social development. It also offered valuable insights for government, policymakers, and school management, guiding them to improve organizational health. It plays an imperative role in nurturing and promoting teacher commitment to students and students’ social development.

Analysis of Expanded Core Curriculum (ECC) for Learners with Visual Impairment at Primary Schools: A SWOT Analysis

Saira Hanif, Dr. Ghulam Fatima, Dr. Muhammad Jahanzaib — Wed, 03 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0500

This study evaluates the Expanded Core Curriculum (ECC) for visually impaired students developed by the Directorate General of Special Education, Punjab-Pakistan. Utilizing a qualitative method and SWOT analysis, the research categorizes strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats within the expanded core curriculum learners with visual impairment at primary grades. The strengths include a comprehensive academic and vocational training proposals supported by a multidisciplinary committee. However, the ECC faces weaknesses such as, outdated vocational skills, omission of practical geometry, and lack of parental involvement, inadequate technology, and exclusion of major areas of ECC. Opportunities for enhancement involve updating the curriculum, integrating modern technology, and expanding vocational training options. Addressing threats such as inconsistent implementation, resource constraints, evolving educational demands, and the need for comprehensive teacher training is crucial. Recommendations include refining the curriculum to improve accessibility, incorporating advanced technological tools, and investing in regular professional development for educators.

The Role of Critical Reflection in Online Teaching

Fiza Zia, Dr. Afshan Naseem, Dr. Samina Safdar — Thu, 04 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0500

The study aimed to explore the role of critical reflection in on-line teaching process, providing perceptions of how critical reflection is beneficial and can be improved. The nature of this research was qualitative and a hermeneutic research design was used. A purposive sampling technique was used and 15 teachers were selected who were teaching online in the private universities of Lahore. The study used semi-structured interviews for the data collection. The instrument was developed after literature review and was validated by three experts and modified according to their guidance and guidelines. The interviews were recorded with the respondent’s permission. Moreover, the researcher collected and interpreted the participant's lived experiences, revealing a gap between the theoretical understanding and practical implementation of critical reflection among teachers. Themes were emerged. The study concluded that teachers need to be more aware of critical reflection and processes, which are crucial to online teaching and learning. The research suggested that critical reflection must be included into teacher training and professional development programs, making them mandatory or compulsory for all teachers, educators, and prospective teachers.

Promotion of E-Learning among Students: Role of University Libraries

Umair Sharif, Iqbal Hussain Asad, Nusrat Ali — Sat, 06 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0500

The primary objective of this research was to examine the current state of e-learning promotion among students and the role of university libraries in Punjab. The study's goals were, to document librarians' personal opinions about using e-learning platforms in libraries, to look into librarians' opinions regarding the necessary e-learning tools, to determine the advantages and degree of satisfaction with e-learning adoption in Punjab's public and private university libraries, and to comprehend the difficulties university libraries encounter while implementing e-learning techniques. A questionnaire was used to gather information. The study's target demographic consisted of university librarians of the Punjab from both public and private sectors. Universities provided their libraries with data, which was gathered using a convenience sampling technique. A total of 144 university librarians provided the information. According to the study, the majority of library professionals use e-learning platforms in their libraries, and most of them are still in the process of implementing them. This indicates that library professionals understand the value of e-learning in the digital age and are cognizant of its necessity. Additionally, this study showed that the majority of professionals favored using, Zoom, Microsoft Teams and MOOCs, among other e-learning platforms. The majority of participants in this study indicated that they preferred to use e-learning technologies that allowed for screen sharing. The majority of respondents faced a barrier, "Lack of skilled staff," which is highlighted in the report as well. Another significant obstacle that prevented the introduction of e-learning systems, according to the respondents, was "Lack of IT equipment.

Environmental, Social, and Governance Controversies and Firm Performance: Moderating Role of Governance Mechanisms

Mehak Ali, Muhammad Alamgir, Muhammad Hanif — Sat, 06 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0500

In the present research, the relationship between ESG (environmental, social, and governance) and a firm's performance is looked into in the context of corporate governance mechanisms, i.e., board independence and ESG practices, as a moderator. ESG disputes frequently occur when corporations' actions violate moral and environmentally friendly standards. ESG controversies represent the credibility of an organization and pose functional hazards, which can significantly impact its financial position. According to the Pakistan Institute of Corporate Governance (PICG) report, ESG remains an unfamiliar idea and business focus in Pakistan. ESG integration is hampered by common misconceptions, a reluctance for more restrictions, and a lack of knowledge of the relevance and importance of ESG. Obviously, there is an overwhelming need to protect the status quo, which prevents businesses from completely meeting their environmental, social, and governance (ESG) objectives. We used quantitative tools to analyze data from 419 non-financial firms listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) from 2014 to 2023, and the data is readily available. Based on our studies, there is a significant negative relation between ESG controversies & corporate performance. However, good corporate governance standards & institutional ESG plans mitigate these negative consequences and can transform these controversies into opportunities for advancement and repo-building. Legislators, business strategists, and investors can substantially benefit from these findings, which underscore the importance of governance for handling ESG controversies and improving the firm's versatility and endurance. Hence it can be recommended that the same relationship with different data set could be tested in other widely geographically distributed areas other than Pakistan.

The Principles Revolving Coercion under Pakistani Contract Law: A Case Law Contemplation

Amr Ibn Munir — Tue, 09 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0500

Coercion is any physical or mental act that involves pressuring the other party to perform an act he would rather not wish to do, thus infringing upon his free will and consent to perform said act. These actions can include restraining, detaining, manipulation, threatening etc. The objectives of this research are to deliberate and understand the meaning, scope and extent of coercion. This research aims to deliberate upon this doctrine as evinced within the law and enunciated by the Superior Courts. This research has adopted the doctrinal methodology in order to reach its conclusion. The results show that the Superior Courts have settled the principles involving coercion by relying on British and Indian judgments. It is recommended that the scope and extent of coercion can be widened even more by relying on other foreign judgments such as that of Bangladesh, the USA amongst others etc.

Human Security Discourse: A Case of Civil Society Activism in Sindh, Pakistan

Shah Muhammad, Dr. Najimdeen Bakare — Tue, 09 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0500

This study strives to build a nexus between human security and civil society in Sindh which is a highly marginalized and socio-economically challenged province of Pakistan. Keeping the qualitative nature of the study in mind, field visits were conducted in District Ghotki and Umerkot, Sindh province in October 2022. The visits enabled the gathering of data through in-depth interviews, focused group discussions (FGDs), and community engagement. Purposive sampling technique was adopted to select the respondents for interviews and FGDs. The findings shed contextual light on the human security landscape and the state of civil society groups of the districts. The study concludes that that local civil society groups are playing a significant role in the accomplishment of human security goals while enduring numerous challenges across intellectual/ideological, organizational, bureaucratic, political and financial fronts. In order to effectively address the human security issues in the districts, the research suggests the autonomous functioning of of civil society groups, adequate understanding of human security issues among those groups and their proper collaboration with government agencies.

A Correlation between Learners’ Autonomy and Performance of the EFL Learners’ Speaking Skills at Graduate Level

Ayesha Haseeb, Dr. Zohaib Zahid, Nida Rafique — Thu, 11 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0500

This study examines the relationship between learner autonomy and the performance of EFL learners at the graduation level, focusing on student responses to autonomy provision and the impact of content control. Through two primary research questions, the study aims to analyze factors influencing learner autonomy's impact on language learning and explore the effects of content control on engagement, motivation, and proficiency. Utilizing a mixed-method approach, 200 students in Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan, participated in a structured questionnaire. Findings indicate predominantly positive student responses to autonomy provision. However, future research is needed with larger, more diverse samples for enhanced external validity. Nuanced approaches to content control balancing autonomy with guidance are advocated to optimize motivation and proficiency development. In conclusion, this research provides insights into learner autonomy's role in EFL education, advocating for its integration into pedagogical practices to empower students and promote meaningful language learning experiences.

Pakistan’s Energy Conundrum: Assessing Barriers to Sustainable Energy-Mix on the Road to Net-Zero

Muhammad Manzoor Elahi, Hafsa Mustafa, Dr. Ahmad Raza Khan — Sun, 14 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0500

The research delves into energy conundrum of Pakistan and examines the barriers in transition to its sustainable energy mix. Climate change has emerged as one of the biggest warnings to human existence in the 21st century, thereby, the global community urges for an inclusive and equitable approach to energy transition on the road to Net-zero under SDGs like ‘Affordable and Clean Energy’, and ‘Climate Action’. The nexus of energy security and environmental sustainability is a critical debate. The study, therefore, applies qualitative-cum-quantitative mixed method approach to access barriers to generation mix. The study finds and concludes that over-reliance on fossil fuels, lack of political will, fewer incentives for renewable energy, lack of decentralized energy and differentiated systems are the critical barriers on the road to a sustainable energy-mix. It recommends redefining contracts with IPPs, incentivizing solarization and green- metering, supporting micro-grid installation etc., to achieve energy optimization and de-carbonization.

External Forces and their Role in Baluchistan: A Geo-Political and Geo-Strategic Analysis

Dr. Nabeila Akbar, Asma Shabbir — Mon, 15 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0500

Pakistan’s geography has always remained significant in its relations regional and global states. The Baluchistan province increases the strategic and economic importance of Pakistan. Particularly Baluchistan’s coast-756 kilometer of coastline- provides a special economic zone spreading about 180,000 sq. km area, making Baluchistan strategically very important. So, the geographical and geopolitical importance of Baluchistan province cannot be ignored and will play a significant role to strengthen Pakistan’s economy. The main objective of the research paper is to investigate the interests of regional and global forces in Baluchistan who are trying to control the transit route of oil transportation through Pakistan. The study has examined how the divergent interests of external factors have affected the security and stability of Pakistan. This is descriptive and analytical research. Data is collected through secondary source i.e. Books and journal. The study concludes that Pakistan is strengthening its ties with China and Russia to achieve long term peace and stability in the region.

Exploring the Role of Reinforcement as a Determinant of Quality Education at the University Level

Dr. Zahida Aziz Sial, Faiza Saeed, Dr. Afrina Afzal — Mon, 15 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0500

The study's main goal was to explore the role of reinforcement by parents as a determinant of student’s academic quality at the university level. A survey design was used to complete this qualitative study. For this purpose, an interview protocol was designed. A Semi-structured Interview consists of seven items for parents. All the parents (living in 10500 houses in Zakariya town Multan) were the population of the study. A purposive sampling technique was employed to get the responses from respondents. Fifteen educated parents were selected. Researchers personally recorded the responses from respondents. The interview responses revealed that most parents congratulate kids vocally on their accomplishments with comments or praise and an appreciation certificate, respectively. Based on the findings, the study came to the conclusion that parental encouragement is beneficial for raising academic quality at the university level. Further, the study recommends that reinforcement be given to children by their parents frequently and periodically.

Scoring Financial Health of Business Sector: A MIMIC Analysis Approach

Muhammad Salman, Dr. Noman Arshed, Dr. Muhammad Awais Anwar — Wed, 17 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0500

The objective of the study is to measure business sector’s financial health capability as an important functionality. Business sector financial worth aggregates to national financial health, which is another function of businesses other than production. Motivating firm investment can have far-reaching effects beyond production. Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes (MIMIC) model is used to measure financial health. The deployment of 99 country panel data between 1980-2021 used firm-level indicators like working capital, management efficiency, liquidity, and leverage and economic level consequences like inflation, investments, growth, stock market, and employment. The financial value of businesses leads to an increase in investments, growth, stock market, and employment. And it depends on working capital, and leverage of the firms. In order to boost the performance of business sector in terms of its financial health capability government must provide support in working capital, management efficiency and profitability of businesses.

The Evaluation of Economic Performance: Cross-Nation Analysis

Ahmad Waqas — Thu, 18 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0500

Pakistan and Italy have a cordial economic relationship, and both countries have been working for economic development for many years. The objective of the study is to evaluate both countries' economic performance using three performance indicators—the debt-to-GDP ratio, the GNI per capita, and the unemployment rate—using data from the three years 2024, 2023, and 2022. We conducted document analysis and also employed thematic analysis to extract useful themes from the data. We arrived at several significant findings. The debt-to-GDP ratio for Pakistan is 71.8 percent in 2024, 77.1 percent in 2023, and 76.2 percent in 2022. Italy's debt-to-GDP ratio is 140.5 percent in 2022, 137.3 percent in 2023, and 139.2 percent in 2024. The projected GNI per capita for Pakistan is $1,560 in 2022, $1,500 in 2023, and $1,470 in 2024. Pakistan is categorized as a lower middle-income country based on the available statistics. Pakistan's current GNI per capita status is not satisfactory, hence the country needs to improve its situation. The rate of unemployment in Pakistan was 5.6% in 2022, 5.5% in 2023, and 8% in 2024. The unemployment rate in Italy is 7.8% in 2024, 7.7% in 2023, and 8.1% in 2022. The debt-to-GDP ratio, GNI per capita, and unemployment rate indicated that Pakistan's economy needed sustainable policies. Pakistan's and Italy's economic circumstances are strategically significant, thus both nations must improve their institutional frameworks for the advantage of their citizens. Pakistan and Italy ought to cooperate to boost investment and trade. The findings recommend Pakistan adopt Italy's the best economic development practices.

Parental Economic and Educational Factors Compelling Code Switching toward English Language

Anooshia Shafique, Dr. Zohaib Zahid — Sat, 20 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0500

This study investigates the influence of parental socioeconomic status (SES) and educational background on code-switching behavior toward the English language among bilingual individuals. By employing a close ended approach, the research explores the intricate relationship between parental economic and educational factors and the propensity for code-switching to English. The data is analyzed through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software to measure mean scores, their difference, and relationship among the variables of the study. The findings reveal statistically significant correlations between parental SES, educational attainment, and the frequency of code-switching occurrences toward English and deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms driving these correlations, elucidating how parental influences shape language choice and proficiency. The outcomes provide valuable implications for educators, policymakers, and practitioners, underscoring the importance of addressing socio-linguistic variables in promoting effective language acquisition strategies and fostering inclusive linguistic environments.

Farmers’ Coping and Adaptive Behavior toward Drought Hazard in the North-West Region of Balochistan, Pakistan

Nisar Ahmad, Muhammad Ashraf, Ghulam Murtaza — Sun, 21 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0500

The aim of this study was to understand the farmer’s coping and adaptive behavior toward drought and to determine its negative effects on agriculture in the northwest of Balochistan. Drought is the most devastating disaster which not only affects agriculture but also livestock, humans and other sectors. To achieve the desire objectives, 264 farmers were selected and interviewed personally through multistage sampling. In addition, weighted average index, adaption strategy index has also been employed. The worse climatic condition had led to crop failure, decline in crop production, water scarcity and loss of livestock. Farmers employed number of techniques to cope with the climatic stress that include, crop diversification, efficient water management, input adjustment, asset depletion and consumption smoothing etc. There is a need of a more resilient strategies to decrease the vulnerability of drought and cultivate climate resilient crops that can be sustained with low water and give high production.

Urdu Translation and Cross-Language Validation of Attentional Control Scale for Children

Zubash Aslam, Dr. Shazia Habib — Sun, 21 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0500

The main objective of this study was to translate and validate the ACS-C for adolescents. The Attentional Control Scale for Children is an extensively used measure of attentional control in youth as well. Attentional control (AC) is the capacity to focus, sustain, and redirect one's attention deliberately and strategically. The scale translation process was carried out by following the standard International Testing Commission guidelines, including forward and backward translation, committee assessment, and pilot testing. This study sample for cross-language validation comprised 300 adolescents between the age range of 15 to 19 years (Mage= 17.50, SD = 1.32). The ACS-C is a 20-item scale with two subscales: attentional focusing and attentional shifting. The findings of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) demonstrated a good model fit to the data and the final model was retained with two- two-factor solution having 9 items in the attentional focusing subscale and 10 items in the attentional shifting subscale.

A Mixed-Method Study of Iser’s Reader-Response Theory with Literature and Language Teaching in Postmodern Drama: A Case Study of Undergraduate Students at SBBU-SBA

Muneeba Mughal, Dastar Ali Chandio, Fatima Javed — Sun, 21 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0500

The article investigates Reader Responses with literature and language teaching in the postmodern drama Waiting for Godot in the light of Wolfgang Iser's Reader Response theory (1978) and Gillian Lazar’s model of "literature and language teaching"(1993). The study utilizes a mixed-method approach, and the selected population of 20 undergraduate students of BS English literature at Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Shaheed Benazirabad (old Nawabshah), Pakistan. The data collected from anonymous participant via questionnaires with random sampling after completion of the assigned text for reading. The qualitative data analysis is based on Reader-response theory that states that reading is a unique experience in which a reader involves himself morally, intellectually, socially, and artistically. Second, the study concludes quantitatively by applying Lazar’s model of "literature and language teaching". The results are based on 40% positive and 60% negative responses from the students, thus, this paper finds that readers’ development is significant and they are self-assured who could go beyond the written texts. Further, more approachable texts and models that support students in connecting with and comprehending the text's should be incorporated into the literary scholarship.

Empowering Resilience: Unveiling the Nexus of Bullying and Self-Esteem among the Students of University of Sargodha

Zahra Zulfiqar, Mohsin Khan Niazi, Zaryab Fatima — Mon, 22 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0500

This study aimed to explore the relationship between experiencing bullying and self-esteem among students at the University of Sargodha. The primary objective was to assess how bullying behavior affects various dimensions of students' self-esteem, including satisfaction with self-image, confidence levels, and self-motivation. Given that self-esteem is a critical predictor of behavior, the research was grounded in the Looking Glass Self-Theory to understand the psychological impact of bullying. A quantitative, descriptive research design was employed, with data collected from 208 students within the Faculty of Social Sciences through a structured online questionnaire. The sample was drawn using multistage and convenient sampling techniques. The findings revealed a significant negative relationship between experiencing bullying and self-esteem, indicating that increased bullying experiences lead to lower self-esteem. Based on these results, it is recommended that anti-bullying interventions be implemented to enhance student well-being and support their self-esteem.

Developing Extemporaneous Speech through Situational Language Teaching in ESL Classrooms: An Action Research Study

Ezzah Shakil, Muhammad Ammar, Hanzallah Latif — Tue, 23 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0500

The prime objective of the study is to explore the effectiveness of situational language teaching method in improving extemporaneous speech skills of ESL learners. Extemporaneous speech is an important life skill that is required to excel in academic and professional settings. Situational language teaching focuses on activities that are essential to master in real-world scenarios. The methodology employed in this quasi-experimental study is based on the principles of action research cycle. A convenience sample of 30 ESL learners from The Islamia University of Bahawalpur was chosen and subjected to extemporaneous speech tasks before and after the intervention of seven days long situational language teaching. The grading of the speaking activity of ESL learners was done by adopting the rubrics of IELTS test for speaking. The scores of pretest and post-test were subjected to paired sample t-test. The results of the study showed a statistically significant improvement in extemporaneous speech skills of ESL learners. Hence, the study recommends the incorporation of situational language teaching activities for the enhancement of extemporaneous speech skills of ESL learners as it augments the academic achievement, language proficiency, fluency, grammar, pronunciation, and self-confidence of students.

Coronavirus Anxiety, Regulatory Emotional Self-Efficacy and Health-Related Quality of Life among University Students during Covid-19 Pandemic

Fajar Bashir, Dr. Asma Majeed, Zarafsheen Khalid — Tue, 23 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0500

This study was conducted to explore the role of coronavirus anxiety and regulatory emotional self-efficacy as correlates and predictors of health-related Quality of Life among university students during COVID-19 pandemic. The correlational research design was used. Data was gathered from 200 participants (Males=100 & Females=100) using the purposive sampling technique. The following measures were utilized subsequently to gather the data: Demographic Information Sheet, Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (Lee, 2020), Regulatory Emotional Self-efficacy Scale (Caprara et al., 2008) and Covid-19 Impact on Quality of Life Scale (Repišti et al., 2020). The findings of the study depicts that coronavirus anxiety and perceived self-efficacy in expressing positive affect significantly correlate and predict impact on health-related-Quality of Life (QoL). In the current study, female university students showed higher level of coronavirus anxiety and impact on health-related Quality of Life whereas the male students displayed increased state of perceived self-efficacy in expressing negative affect. In order to identify the predictors of HR-QoL, hours per day news watched by students and coronavirus anxiety emerged as the significant positive predictors of Health-related QoL among university students. This indicates that number of hours of news watched by students and students with high coronavirus anxiety had a higher impact on their Health-related QoL.

Mediatization of Politics: A Case Study of Pakistan

Ahmed Hussain Shah Bukhari, Ghulam Mustafa Gaho, Syed Anwar ul Mustafa Shah — Tue, 23 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0500

The media is fundamental to socio-political life. It delivers facts to allow us to be well informed about the matters that are essential to every individual. The Constitution of The Islamic Republic of Pakistan legally protects the freedom of press and through the freedom of information ordinance 2002 and code of conduct rules 2010. However, Media has never been independent of Politics and society. Pakistan has remained under military rule and many media outlets supported and acted on its orders. Democracy is the basic necessity for an independent media. As politics became increasingly mediatized, the influence of media on the society is far reaching than individual politicians. Various media outlets and channels in Pakistan have been seen either advocating or criticizing various governments in power or in opposition. Media outlets are often associated with politicians and bureaucrats, which are privately owned. Unlike the Associated Press of Pakistan and the state owned National Broadcaster the Pakistan Television Network. This research article covers the mediatization of politics in Pakistan and various stages through which it has passed on. The study also analyses the future of media and its technology in addition the media should also train people and educate them on media responsibilities. The role of Media in any society plays a pivotal role in building a sense of decision making and portraying the image of politicians and bureaucracy. Media has been aiding as a cautious watch dog of Pakistan.

Healing the Nation: Historical Context and the Ascendancy of Chinese Martial Arts During the Republican Era

Zhang Wei, Rukhsana Iftikhar — Tue, 23 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0500

To develop a strong cultural and sports nation we must learn from history. Through literature research method and empirical analysis, the study found that: During the Republican period, China was in danger of being destroyed. Against this backdrop, Chinese elites sought various means to save the nation. Martial arts evolved into a symbol of national resilience and as a tool for social reforms. It became a medium for political propaganda and social practice, reaching its highest status in the history of the Republic of China. This research aims to trace the history of sports in China through empirical research method which define the investment in sports leads towards the mental well-being eventually improve the socio-economic infrastructure of Chinese society. For today: traditional sports culture should be vigorously promoted to provide impetus for realizing and building the goal of a strong cultural and sports nation.

The Impact of Business Process Capabilities on Firm Performance: A Moderated-Mediation Approach of Strategic Agility and Environmental Turbulence

Muhammad Awais Sarwar, Dr. Wasim Ul Rehman — Thu, 25 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0500

Firm performance is a major challenge in Pakistan. Pakistan's hotel and hospitality industry and SMEs are badly impacted by many organizational challenges such as COVID-19. To get through this upheaval and get back on the solid foundation of strong business performance, the hotels and SMEs in this sector required direction and guidance. Through the mediation of strategic agility and the moderation of environmental turbulence, the objectives of the study are to clarify the impact of business process capabilities on firm performance. The study employed a quantitative research strategy and evaluated the responses of 321 managers working in Pakistan's hotel and hospital industries. The study analyzed data using AMOS 24 and SPSS software, and it employed structural equation modeling (SEM) to assess the hypotheses. The study's findings indicate that business process capabilities have a major impact on firm performance and that strategic agility significantly positively mediates the relationship between business process capabilities and firm performance. Results indicate that environmental turbulence has a negative moderating effect on the mediation relationship between firm performance and strategic agility. The unstable, unpredictable, and destructive environment encourage businesses to focus more intently on maintaining and improving their company performance as well as seeking out more strategically agile approaches. The results demonstrate the detrimental effects of environmental turbulence on the business performance of SMEs in Pakistan's hotel sector.

Head Teachers' Perspectives on Management Challenges in Public and Private Secondary Schools

Dr. Romena Ali, Dr. Sadia Mushtaq — Fri, 26 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0500

The study was designed to examine the management problems faced by head teachers of public and private schools at the secondary level. The objective of the study included identifying the management problems faced by both the head teachers of public as well as private schools at the secondary level including the rural and urban areas and suggesting measures to overcome these problems to improve the efficiency of the head teachers, so that they obtain the required objectives of management. This study was delimited to the Headteachers of Multan District. The sample of the study consisted of head teachers of public and private schools including rural and urban areas of Multan. Questionnaires were distributed to 350 head teachers. Questionnaires were collected from 38 rural and 63 urban male public school heads, 30 rural and 35 urban female public school heads and 31 rural and 45 urban male private school heads, 18 rural and 39 urban female Private School heads. Data was analyzed by applying Percentage, mean, and correlation. The findings and Conclusion of the study were arranged. There is a shortage of basic knowledge about Management. It was recommended that effective guidance and training are needed for head teachers to overcome management problems, especially in the public sector.

Understanding Stress in the Crop Farming Community of Rawalpindi, Pakistan

Gul Rehan, Prof. Dr. Shazia Khalid — Sat, 27 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0500

This study aimed to explore the stress among crop farmers, focusing on the causes and types of stress. Farming has always played a crucial role in Pakistan's economy. However, it can be a stressful occupation, with farmers facing various stressors. The data was collected from the crop farmers of the District Rawalpindi. The sample size consisted of 60 crop farmers with an age range of 35 to 55 years. All participants were male, owned some cultivated land and were personally involved in farming. Interviews were based on open-ended questions to check the prevalence of stress among crop farmers. The result of the study indicated that small-scale crop farmers faced more stress than large-scale crop farmers. The major stressor reported by crop farmers was inclement weather conditions, and they often used a talking coping strategy. The study suggests implementing stress management programs and revising agricultural support policies to reduce stress.

A Study on the Position of Emergency Exits in the Spatial Configuration of Hostel Buildings based on Safety Standards through Space Syntax

Muhammad Bilal, Ubaid Ullah, Salman Jamil — Sun, 28 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0500

The aim of this research is to validate safety standards and to analyze the position of emergency exits in the spatial configuration of hostel buildings using spatial indices. Current building design standards provide important guidelines to achieve safety in buildings during emergencies but doesn't have sufficient information for the emergency exit design in terms of spatial layout and users’ flow pattern. In the design of buildings along with other systems (Structural, HVAC, Mechanical, Materials, firefighting), it is important to focus on enhancing the Spatial Layout and, Circulation design for safe evacuation during emergency. This research utilized space syntax, Autodesk Revit for the analysis of visibility, accessibility, travel path and time analysis of emergency exits. The Depthmap identified the potential areas for the correct placement of emergency exits where the visibility, and accessibility are higher than the existing location of emergency exits. The results also validate a safety standard that emergency exit should be accessible from main corridors instead of dead ends. Based on the analysis, the emergency exits of some buildings can be relocated to potential areas to improve safety and standardize the evacuation system without damaging the physical structure of the building, which will reduce the travel distance and improve the visibility of the targeted area.

Exploring Students’ Attitudes towards Using ChatGPT in English Language Classroom at University Level

Mariam Baqir, Dr. Durr-e-Nayab — Sun, 28 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0500

ChatGPT, a language model chatbot introduced in November 2022, has become a focal point of interest in the educational circles, notably in the area of language acquisition. Consideration about its adoption and implementation at the higher education level are still unanswered. This study examines the attitude and how English language learners feel about utilizing ChatGPT at undergraduate level using the Technology Acceptance Model. Eight English language students from four disciplines-sociology, psychology, education, and English at private and public universities in southern Punjab Pakistan participated in semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was conducted using NVivo 14. Findings reveal the most English language learners at Pakistani’s universities have positive attitude and favorable thoughts on ChatGPT for their English Classrooms. It is incredibly user-friendly and supports students in English classes with speaking, writing, clarifying grammar structures, brainstorming, and comprehension of subject matter and assisting in projects and assignments. ChatGPT improves their individualized language learning process and makes them more motivated to study a second language. Among the difficulties they encounter include misinterpret queries, lack of contextual understanding and excessive text redundancy. The study’s findings indicate that while students have accepted this technology in their English classes, teachers should investigate it more and gather information to ensure students utilize it responsibly, help them increase their ability to critically evaluate this technology. Based on these findings research provides suggestions and future implications for further study.

Self-Construal and Life Satisfaction among Organizational Professionals

Saleem Gul, Zarish Suhail, Hamza Asghar — Fri, 29 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0500

This study aims to examine the impact of self-construal on life satisfaction among professionals, analyze the relationship between self-construal types (independent and interdependent) and life satisfaction, and explore gender differences in these variables. Self-construal, reflecting individuals' self-perception in relation to others, is crucial in professional settings where identity and interactions are key. Understanding its influence on life satisfaction can enhance insights into professional well-being. A quantitative survey design was employed with 120 professionals (60 men, 60 women). Data were collected using a demographic information form, the Self-Construal Scale, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Correlations revealed significant relationships: independent self-construal (.83**) and interdependent self-construal (.88**) both correlated with life satisfaction (.50**). Independent self-construal showed moderate correlation with interdependent self-construal (.49**) and life satisfaction (.30**). Gender differences were significant in life satisfaction, with men reporting higher satisfaction. Professionals should be aware of how self-construal impacts life satisfaction, and interventions tailored to self-construal types could enhance overall well-being.

Behind the Blackboards: Prevalence and Impact of Bullying among Teachers in Public Schools of Lahore

Mubasher Muhammad Kamran, Ayesha Siddiqa Bugvi, Dr. Amjad Rehman Asghar — Mon, 29 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0500

The purpose of this qualitative research was to explore the prevalence and impact of workplace bullying among public school teachers in Lahore, Pakistan. Semi-structures interviews were conducted in order to collect insights from the public-school teachers who were selected through purposive sampling technique. Questions were related to the prevalence of bullying among school teachers and its impact on the victims. Through the use of thematic analysis technique, two major themes were identified: Verbal bullying and consequences for the victim. Subthemes of verbal bullying included uncomfortable jokes about personal characteristics and personal life, sexist remarks, name calling, teasing comments, narrative building and indirect bullying. The second theme “consequences for the victims” demonstrated the unwanted consequences which included mental health challenges such as stress, anxiety, sleep issues, job burnout and lack of focus on professional responsibilities. Further research work in different settings is needed for a comprehensive understanding of the prevalence of bullying at educational workplaces is needed. Adoption of anti-bullying programs by the management at school level is also suggested for the improvement of the situation.

Identification of Academic Challenges regarding School Environment to Promote Academic Quality at Workers' Welfare Schools in Punjab, Pakistan

Muhammad Aslam, Dr. Jam Muhammad Zafar, Dr. Naeem Ullah — Mon, 29 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0500

This study aimed to identify the academic problems in terms of school environment among workers' welfare schools of Punjab, Pakistan. Some of the gaps regarding the environment in which Workers’ Welfare Schools have to operate in terms of curricular delivery include the far–from–real students–teacher Ratio and the lack of proper sporting facilities. A combination of quantitative and qualitative research approaches was used. Questionnaires were administered to 165 participants, including principals, teachers, students, and parents. The results were analyzed using test statistics to determine the significance of the conclusions. The problem areas observed are the student-to-teacher ratio and quantitative supplies and deficiencies to support students’ co-curricular activities (mean = 3.32 for student-to-teacher ratio and 2.66 for sports equipment). Parents-teacher meetings were also moderately received (mean = 3.92). Additional statistics supported the results of these findings with a change point location of 0.03. The cleanliness of the physical environment and its maintenance and improvement must be implemented as soon as possible. Further, measures should be undertaken to promote academic quality and foster students’ effective learning settings.

Impact of Polygamous Marriages on Marital Ties and Family Relationships in District Battgaram of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Fakhr Ud Din, Dr. Khalil ur Rahman, Khalid Ahmed — Mon, 29 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0500

This study aimed to empirically examine the impact of polygamous marriages on marital ties and family relationships in District Battgram of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The study used qualitative paradigm wherein data was collected through in-depth interviews with 22 respondents in the targeted locales. The collected data was thematically analysed and findings of the study suggest that polygamous marriage is a common social and cultural practice in the region which has certain social, psychological and financial ramifications for families, spouses, and children. It is concluded from the study that the discriminative behavior of husband and the inequitable allocation of resources among wives in polygamous marriages leads towards feeling of jealousy, marital conflict, unhealthy competition and many other mental health issues. It is recommended that the government needs to frame policies to ensure the social security of women in polygamous marriages and the practice of polygamy may be allowed under peculiar circumstances.

Teachers’ Perceptions and Practices about Grade V and VIII Students’ Assessment under Punjab Examination Commission

Arshed Ali, Muhammad Saeed — Mon, 29 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0500

Evaluation is important in the field of education. The current study's objective was to examine the viewpoints and methods teachers use when implementing the School-Based Assessment (SBA) system in the elementary schools in Kasur district. The study's conclusions are to provide the Punjab Examination Commission (PEC) with useful information by illuminating difficulties instructors have when administering SBA examinations and suggesting possible remedies. Using a proportionate sample approach, participants were chosen from three tehsils to represent the four tehsils in the Kasur district, where the study was centered on teachers and head teachers. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data from 24 participants, and Creswell's (2012) theme analysis technique was used for the qualitative analysis. The main conclusions were insufficient SBA training for teachers, a dearth of thorough monitoring of the SBA procedure in schools, teachers' lack of commitment to putting the SBA system into reality, and cases of malpractice throughout the SBA process.

The Role of Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions between Phubbing and Relationship Disillusionment among Newly Married People

Irum Javaid, Hafiz Muhammad Zeeshan Iqbal, Saleha Iffat — Mon, 29 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0500

The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of interpersonal cognitive distortion between phubbing and relationship disillusionment. Relationship disillusionment is feelings of disappointment, regret, defeat and hopelessness in the relationship (Niehuis et al., 2011). Phubbing behavior, misperception, unrealistic expectation and rejection feeling contribute to relationship disillusionment. Sample consisted of newly married peoples from Sargodha Divisions in Punjab, Pakistan (N = 225). A cross-sectional research design and purposive sampling technique was used to collect data. 'The Phubbing Scale' developed by Karadağ et al. (2015), interpersonal cognitive distortions scale by Hamamci and Buyukozturk (2004) and relationship disillusionment by Niehuis and Bartell (2006) were used. The finding indicated that all variables were correlated in the expected directions and all subscales of interpersonal cognitive distortions moderate the relation of phubbing with relationship disillusionment. Moreover, women experienced higher relationship disillusionment than men. This investigation focused exclusively on newly married people. Future studies should incorporate a sample with more diverse characteristics and also need to develop intervention programs that will help partner to control phubbing behavior and interpersonal cognitive distortions to improve interpersonal relation.

Identifying Parental Needs for Sensory Interventions in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Maria Mushtaq, Dr. Maria Qureshi, Dr. Rukhsana Bashir — Fri, 02 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0500

This study aims to evaluate and understand the sensory sensitivities in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), identify the challenges faced by their parents, assess the adequacy of current support services, and determine the specific needs of parents for additional guidance and support When a child has sensory sensitivity, it can have a big influence on their everyday life. It can change their comfort level, conduct, and capacity to do normal tasks. These sensitivity might make it difficult to handle day-to-day situations, which can have an impact on growth and general well-being. A quantitative survey design was employed with 125 parents (92 mothers, 33 fathers). Data were collected using a demographic information form and the need assessment Scale. Parents of children with ASD report moderate to high levels of sensory sensitivity, with average scores ranging from 1.98 to 2.32. They have low confidence in present management strategies, scoring between 1.38 and 1.69. They emphasize the need for a new intervention package and express a strong desire for it to be available in Urdu, with mean scores of 2.92 and 2.97, respectively. To effectively treat sensory sensitivity in children with ASD, the government should create user-friendly workshops and manuals, broaden access to professional counsel, and implement bilingual support packages.

US Hegemonic Power and Future Prospects in Global Politics: A Study of the US Withdrawal from Afghanistan

Anosha Iqbal Butt — Sat, 03 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0500

The research article aims to examine the influence of US withdrawal from Afghanistan on the US hegemonic position in the world. On 30th August 2021, after twenty years of its presence, the US officially ended the war in Afghanistan, exiting its troops from the Afghan land with the Afghan Taliban returning to power in Kabul. The withdrawal raised questions on the credibility of the US hegemonic power. To analyze the hegemonic position of the US, a qualitative approach and secondary data sources from journals, official reports and news articles are utilized. The 20-year war was a success as the US would not face any attack from terrorist organizations like Al-Qaeda on its land. On the other hand, the long war on terror in Afghanistan was also aimed at nation-building and the spread of democracy, which the US failed to implement. The article argues that the US obsession with the Global War on Terror has damaged its hegemony and has led to the rise of counter-hegemonic forces. The US needs to reiterate its commitment towards its ideals of democracy, free market, and human rights in the changing global power dynamics to legitimize its position as a hegemon in the world.

The Role of Family, Religious and Educational Institutions as Social Institutions in Shaping Sports Culture: A Comparative Analysis

Dr. Faheem Ullah Khan, Bria Bukhari, Haroon Tariq — Sat, 03 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0500

Sports play a crucial role in enhancing both physical well-being and social standing. This research, conducted in Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, examined how family, religious, and educational institutions influence sports participation. The study involved a randomly selected group of 935 participants, comprising teachers and parents. Findings revealed that both families and religious organizations significantly encourage early sports involvement, with mean scores of 4.10 and 4.1619, respectively, and p-values of .000, showing statistical significance. However, it was noted that parents rarely engage in sports activities with their children, and religious institutions often lack adequate sports facilities. Educational institutions also had a notable impact on promoting sports, with a mean score of 3.6727, but faced challenges due to limited resources. While no single institution dominates sports culture, their combined efforts are crucial. The study recommends further research with a larger sample size to understand their collective impact on sports promotion.

The Effect of Aerobic Training on the Agility of Football Players: A Study in Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan

Dr. Muhammad Safdar Luqman, Dr. Faheem Ullah Khanand, Faisal Waqas — Sat, 03 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0500

The existing paper aims to gauge the effect of aerobic training on the quality of agility of football players. The main objective of the paper was to articulate the effect of aerobic training on male football player's agility. Thirty players were chosen from two schools in Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, and were equally distributed into two groups same in number. Both groups had 15 players in controlled and experimental. The first group underwent aerobic training three times a week over eight weeks, while the second group, serving as the control, continued with their regular activities without any additional training.The control group was placed in one group and give aerobic exercise Three time a week for eight weeks. A shuttle run test was used to assess each participant's agility both before and after the training session. The male football player's agility was greaterly enhanced by aerobic exercise. It was also concluded that regular aerobic exercise can help male football players became more agile. It was suggested that aerobic exercise incorporating into training regimen may enhance the agility of the football players. It was also suggested that providing of paper facilities of the training may improve the agility power of the players.

Digital Technology and Adolescent Well-Being: A Comparative Study of Pakistan and Canada

Rizwan, Aamir Shahzad, Kianat — Sun, 04 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0500

This study aims to assess the impact of digital technology use on the digital well-being of adolescents in Pakistan and Canada. Unlike previous research relying on secondary data, this study gathers primary data directly from adolescents on a five-dimensional Likert scale from the Center for Trusted Internet and Community at the National University of Singapore. The study examines the impact of digital technology use on digital consumption, health, civic participation, employment, and social relations, as well as their subsequent effects on digital well-being. A quantitative approach was employed, with data sample of 300 survey questionnaires from Pakistan and Canada.
The findings show a positive correlation between digital technology use and digital consumption, civic participation, employment, and social relations. Negative impacts are observed on digital health due to low use of health apps, resulting in headaches, eye strain, and sleep issues. Differences in digital civic participation and online shopping habits are influenced by economic and accessibility factors. Encourage balanced digital consumption, promote health app usage, and enhance digital literacy programs to support informed civic participation.

Pedagogical Use of WhatsApp: Teachers, Views and Experiences

Fouzia Ramzan, Dr. Asif Iqbal, Dr. Ayaz Muhammad Khan — Mon, 05 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0500

Technology has made it easier to connect, interact, explore and learn. The smartphone is a unique and valuable device. WhatsApp is the most popular mobile app used for multiple purposes worldwide. The study aimed to get the teachers' views of the Public Colleges of Punjab, Pakistan, BS (Physics) regarding the pedagogical use of WhatsApp and their challenges. The study used an interpretative paradigm, qualitative method and phenomenological design. The data was collected through in-depth unstructured interviews and purposively analysed using a thematic coding inductive approach. The target population was all the teachers (Female/Male) of Public Colleges of Punjab, Pakistan, BS (Physics) Programme, and the sample was drawn from the target population purposively till saturation (12 college teachers =6 Females and 6 Males). The study recommended the pedagogical use of WhatsApp by determining some boundaries for students to interact.

The Portrayal of Jaranwala Incident in National and Regional Press: A Discourse Analysis

Dr. Munwar Ali Kalwar, Muhammad Ilyas Soomro — Mon, 05 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0500

This study examines the representation of the Jaranwala Incident in both national and regional press outlets. How are Muslims and Christians represented linguistically? Hundreds of Muslims armed with batons and sticks stormed churches in Jaranwala after the Holy Quran was allegedly desecrated. Videos on social media showed hundreds of people armed with batons and sticks setting fire to the Salvation Army Church and the Saint Paul Catholic Church, while another mob torched private homes and broke windows. The event was reported by the media, and the newspaper supplied factual information to the people. Discourse analysis is the methodology of the study. The word in the newspaper is the unit of analysis. Two main English, one Urdu, and one Sindhi newspapers are taken as a sample of study. The research findings indicated that daily Dawn remains neutral. During the research it was founded that The News has the Right Wing behavior. It declares Pakistan as the only place for the Muslims. The Daily Intikhab remained neutral and Sindhi Daily The Kawish remained impartial. It is concluded that Government should review its press policy. Non-seriousness of press leads dire consequences.

Impact of Obsessive and Harmonious Work Passion on Job Satisfaction: Moderating Role of Psychological Detachment

Kanwal Bilal, Rabia Asif, Majid Imdad Khan — Mon, 05 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0500

The study explored the outcomes of harmonious and excessive work enthusiasm on work-life enrichment, and how job satisfaction is impacted by these factors, with psychological detachment serving a moderating influence. Survey questions have been used to gather information from Pakistan's numerous education sectors, both online and in-person.102 is the sample, collected on random basis. Job happiness is positively impacted by harmonious work enthusiasm, and has a good influence on work-life enrichment. Work harmoniously has a detrimental influence on work-life enrichment, have negative impact on job satisfaction. Psychological distancing balances the relationship between harmonious and obsessive job passions, although it does not moderate or balances the former because of ongoing stress and demands of work. Human resources experts are starting to pay consideration to the study of work passion, the beneficial effects have observed in previous studies regarding work passion that enhanced the understanding of authors in these fields.

Legal and Institutional Challenges in Establishing an East Asian Regional Organization

Fazzal Abbas, Maryem Farid — Tue, 06 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0500

The establishment of a regional organization in East Asia is a complex endeavor fraught with legal and institutional challenges. This article explores the institutional structures, legal frameworks, historical background, and policy consequences associated with the establishment of this kind of organization. This study draws on a thorough literature assessment to emphasize the political ideologies, long-standing historical tensions, and lack of trust amongst East Asian nations that impede cooperation efforts. Regional integration is made more difficult by legal heterogeneity, concerns about sovereignty, and economic inequality, which calls for creative approaches to institutional design and legal harmonization. While comparative studies of current regional models—like the European Union and ASEAN—provide insightful information, East Asian dynamics call for modifications.

Teachers’ Perception regarding Principals’ Instructional Leadership Style at Higher Secondary Level

Shafia Abid, Dr. Hina Munir — Tue, 06 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0500

The study aimed to examine teachers' perceptions of principals' instructional leadership i.e., formatting educational objectives, developing learning environment, protecting instructional time and supervising & monitoring progress in public sector higher secondary institutions. Instructional leadership plays a crucial role in shaping the educational environment, teachers' performance and influencing student outcomes. Understanding how teachers perceive their principals’ leadership can provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of these styles. A quantitative, descriptive research approach was adopted, with a survey method used for data collection. The population included 100 higher secondary institutions in Lahore, and a sample of 480 teachers from 40 institutions was selected using a two-stage proportionate sampling technique. The first stage involved selecting 25 female and 15 male institutions, and the second stage involved conveniently selecting 12 teachers per institution. A five-point Likert scale questionnaire, adapted from Khan (2012), was used as the data collection instrument. SPSS version 22.0 was used for data analysis. The results showed that principals were positively perceived by teachers especially in developing learning environments. It is recommended that future research focus on gender-based comparisons and alignment between teachers’ and principals' perspectives to enhance leadership practices.

Experiences of Women Leaders in the Academia of Pakistan: Social Expectations and Challenges for Women Leadership

Anum Awan, Dr. Farhan Navid Yousaf, Ameema Malik — Wed, 07 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0500

The research adopts a qualitative approach to delve into the experiences of women leaders within Pakistan's higher education sector. Its primary aim is to explore the societal expectations and challenges that these women face in their leadership roles. To gather relevant insights, the study employed purposive sampling, selecting 30 participants from six universities located in Lahore, Rawalpindi, and Islamabad. This strategic selection ensured that the participants were well-positioned to offer valuable perspectives on the topic. Data collection was carried out through in-depth interviews, allowing for a rich, nuanced understanding of the participants' experiences. Thematic analysis was then used to analyze the collected data, leading to the identification of one overarching theme. This main theme was further divided into five sub-themes, reflecting recurring patterns in the participants' responses. These sub-themes provide a structured framework to better understand the societal expectations, challenges, and nuances of women's leadership in the workplace within the context of higher education in Pakistan. This approach offers significant insights into the complex dynamics of gender and leadership in the country

Unveiling the Gothic Dimensions of Memory, Guilt, and Redemption in Sorayya Khan's Noor

Anka Shahid, Dr. Saiyma Aslam — Fri, 09 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0500

The objective of the research is to explore Sorraya Khan's Noor through the lens of Gothic studies, revealing its engagement with themes of decay, death, terror, chaos, gender, patriarchy, memory, and identity crisis. Like traditional Gothic literature, Noor delves into the uncanny, employing motifs such as mutilated bodies, mystery, revenants, and suspense. By analyzing these elements, the dissertation offers a deeper understanding of the novel's darker themes and the emotional and psychological struggles of its characters. Contrary to existing interpretations, which largely focus on Sajida's search for identity and origins, this study argues that Noor is not solely about Sajida or Noor, but rather centers on Ali—his 'sin,' 'silence,' and eventual 'confession.' While many critics view Ali as merely symbolic of West Pakistan's violence over East Pakistan, this research contends that the novel's true focus lies in Ali's personal hauntings. Through a Gothic framework and methodology, the dissertation establishes Noor as a unique contribution to South Asian literature, where the Gothic elements serve to critique both personal and political violence, particularly during the Bangladesh Liberation War.

Impact of Learning Environment on Academic Performance of Colleges Students

Sonaina Niazi, Dr. Asif Jamil, Dr. Faheem Khan — Sat, 10 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0500

The study focuses on the impact of learning environment on academic performance of Colleges students. Quantitative method was applied. Therefore, survey research design was used. Population was comprised of 85 five colleges of five districts of Punjab including Layyah, Bhakhar, Rahim Yar Khan, Dera Ghazi Khan, and Bahawalpur. A sample of 384 students was selected through stratified sampling method out of 50893 under the guidelines of Krejcie and Morgan (1970) sample table. Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) was applied to assess the learning environment of the colleges whereas academic performance of students was assessed by different dimension which identified by Lateef (2020). Researcher validated the instrument by using Content Validity Ratio (CVR) in which all the items falls between the acceptable range whereas the reliability score of DREEM and academic performance scale estimated .873 and .799 respectively. Pearson product correlation, linear regression, t-test and ANOVA were used. The study concluded that learning environment has positively and significantly impact on the students’ academic performance. It is recommended that teachers and college administration work together to build a positive learning environment through mutual understanding and cooperation in order to produce a productive learning environment which enhance the academic performance of students.

Hybrid Identities and the Other: Indigenous Culture and Representation in Tariq Rahman’s Bingo

Sidra Shafi, Bushra Neelam, Saima Yousaf Khan — Sat, 10 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0500

This research aims to explore the depiction of indigenous culture in Tariq Rahman’s short story Bingo. Rahman’s portrayal of indigenous culture is analyzed to point out features that fully depict the culture by employing a qualitative approach and delves into the thematic analysis. Edward Said’s Orientalism (1978), Homi K. Bhabha’s Hybridity (1994) theories work as a theoretical framework which highlights the author’s positive and negative representations that create a picture of identity, Indigenous struggles and resilience. This paper also analyses how Rahman portrays them as presenting indigenous culture as an inexpensive façade which also captures the Native Americans’ exploitative culture as ‘Other’. The research concludes an authentic portrayal of indigenous culture and its incorporation into Bingo which not only highlights the necessity of diverse and genuine representation of the oppressed citizens of the society but also demonstrates the potential of postcolonial literature to challenge the boundaries of cultural identity.

Economic Consequences of Political Instability in Pakistan: A Study of Fiscal Policy and Investor Confidence

Ali Haider Dogar, Dr. Muhammad Munib Khalid — Sun, 11 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0500

This study examines the economic consequences of political instability in Pakistan, focusing on its effects on fiscal policy and investor confidence. Pakistan’s history of political turbulence has repeatedly disrupted economic growth, leading to fiscal imbalances, public debt, and diminished investor confidence. Political events often result in short-term fiscal decisions that have long-lasting negative impacts on the economy. The research employs a qualitative approach, analysing secondary data from government reports, economic surveys, and investor sentiment studies to assess the relationship between political instability, fiscal policy, and investment trends. The study finds that political instability contributes to rising budget deficits, inflation, and exchange rate volatility, while also undermining both domestic and foreign investor confidence. Frequent policy reversals and uncertainty further exacerbate economic challenges. To mitigate these effects, the study suggests adopting resilient fiscal frameworks, enhancing transparency in economic governance, and leveraging support from international institutions like the IMF and World Bank during times of political instability.

The Effect of Modern Technologies on the Efficiency of University Teachers

Rizwan Ahmed, Dr. Khalid Rashid — Wed, 14 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0500

The primary objective of this study was to examine the effect of modern technologies on teachers’ efficiency. It was quantitative research, and the researchers used an ex-post facto (Causal-comparative) research design. This study was conducted at public universities in the Punjab province. The sample consisted of male and female university teachers. The selection was based on the simple random sampling technique. The researchers developed a five-point Likert scale questionnaire for data collection. The ANOVA was used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that there was a significant impact of modern technologies on teachers’ efficiency. It was also concluded that teachers’ computer literacy significantly impacts teachers’ efficiency. Computer-literate teachers perform better. It is recommended that faculty have access to reliable tools for teaching, such as video conferencing software, digital whiteboards, projectors and virtual labs. This allows teachers to efficiently manage classes without compromising quality.

From Deontological to Teleological, Analyzing Hashtag Activism in Twitter Users of Pakistan

Dr. Seemab Far Bukhari, Iqra Saeed, Fizza Saleem — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0500

This study aims to investigate the way twitter users blind follow a hashtag despite knowing the possible harms associated with a tweet. Drawing upon the theoretical perspective of Utalitarianism, or consequential ethics the study asserts that majority of Twitter users in Pakistan may hold teleological approach towards Twitter handler by intentionally posting agnostic content to make their self -perceived viewpoints viral. For the purpose, 300 Twitter users having tendency of posting political content are selected through snowball sampling and then surveyed through a questionnaire developed on 5 points Likert scale. The application of teleological ethical approach is vindicated by the results derived after the collection of data. The presence of significant correlations is observed among the taken variables, proving the manifestation of proposed hypothesis. Though users acknowledge that abusive tweet is unethical but on the contrary when scrutinized, they were found to be a part of the same immoral culture of re-posting violent tweets. The study recommends that users should consider them in the shoes of others before blind following a hashtag.

Democratization in Pakistan: An Analysis of Governance during PTI’s Government (2018-2022)

Muhammad Rizwan Haleeemi, Dr. Ali Shan Shah — Fri, 16 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0500

The main objective of this research is to focuses on analyzing the performance of the Prime Minister Mr. Imran Khan and his political party, PTI, who campaigned on the promise of change, from 2018 to 2022 in democratic processes. This article examines how the nearly four-year period of Mr. Khan's leadership in governance differed from the same timeframe in the previous. Democracy is recognized as the leading political system today. Nations that have established strong democratic practices and value their parliamentary institutions are prospering around the world. Key elements of a democratic system include a legislative body, a functioning executive branch and an independent judiciary. These three institutions must work within their specific areas of authority and follow the guidelines set by the constitution. Pakistan has established a democratic form of governance to operate within its territory. This research employs qualitative methodology to enhance the outcomes. Parliament members must be responsible to the voters for how well they perform their duties. There are no easy ways to quickly enhance the process of democratization and establish democracy in a country. To create a genuine parliamentary democracy, we must advance more swiftly in the correct direction.

Evaluating the Effects of Problem Solving Model, Traditional Instructional Model and 5E Instructional Model on Students Academic Achievement

Dr. Rafia Tahira, Dr. Muhammad Azhar, Dr. Muhammad Jamil Bajwa — Fri, 16 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0500

Educationists are focusing to introduce changes in the pedagogy and create new paradigm which suits the globalized generation. This study has compared the effects of traditional instructional model, problem solving model and 5E instructional model on 9th grade Secondary School students' achievements in the subject of general science. Objectives of the study were to compare the effects of these instructional models and to explore the effect on gender difference. The experimental design, 'pretest posttest control group design' was used. By adopting purposive sampling technique, 90 girls and 90 boys were selected. These 180 students were further distributed into two control and four experimental groups, comprising of 30 students in each group. The results revealed that these models yielded better achievement results. While, no significant difference was observed among male and female students. It was recommended to enhance competency of teachers by equipping them with innovative instructional methodologies.

9/11 and American Democracy Promotion in the Arab Gulf States: Strategic Frameworks and Diplomatic Initiatives

Dr. Muhammad Azam — Mon, 19 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0500

Focusing on American efforts to implement the Freedom Agenda in the Arab Gulf States, the objective of this study is to explore how democracy promoting states and societies strategize in particular cases and how do such nations harness diplomatic resources to push the democratic reforms. Following the events of 9/11, American attention increasingly shifted towards the Middle East and its efforts to promote democratic governance. The investigation is grounded in both primary and secondary source materials. The Bush Administration employed four distinct institutional frameworks for promoting the democratic reforms in the Gulf states: (a) governmental departments; (b) American private organisations; (c) international organisations; and (d) regional organisations originating from the Arab Gulf states. In order for the Gulf states to have constitutional monarchy in the near future, it is crucial to strengthen the constitutions.