The Federal - Unitary Debate in Pakistan: An Analytical Study of the State Structure

Abstract

This study aims to determine that which form of state is best suited for Pakistan among federalism or unitarism, and analyzes the historical and constitutional development of federalism in Pakistan while considering the important milestones like the 1973 Constitution and the 18th Amendment. The research also compares the federal system of Pakistan with other federal states to determine its efficiency. Qualitative approach is used in the research based on secondary data sources such as books, journal articles and constitutional texts. The results show that even with a federal constitution, Pakistan has been more of a centralized country given interventions by the military, Punjab political dominance and poor institutionary mechanisms. Though the 18th Amendment was expected to reinforce federalism but incomplete implementation has restricted advancement. While on the other side unitary form of state is not suitable for Pakistan by any means due to country’s ethnically, linguistically and regionally heterogeneous nature. The research holds the view that the federal model of cooperation, which guarantees actual devolution of power, fair distribution of resources and institutional independence, is necessary for political stability and national cohesion. Duly strengthening local government as well as participative policymaking are suggested for a viable federal system for Pakistan.