A Comparative Study of TVET Graduate Placement in Pakistan’s Labor Markets and Industries: Evidence from PTEVTA and STEVTA

Abstract

This study aimed at comparing the two main provincial TVET bodies in Pakistan, the Sindh Technical Education and Vocational Training Authority (STEVTA) and the Punjab Technical Education and Vocational Training Authority (PTEVTA) and to find out how effective these institutions are in providing their graduates with skills relevant to the market that can assist them to get jobs, earn incomes, retain jobs and be aligned with the industry needs. The study used a convergent parallel mixed-methods design. Quantitative data was collected from 300 graduates (150 from each TVET authority) utilizing survey questionnaires. Qualitative data was collected through in-depth interviews from 40 participants (20 from each organization). The findings show that PTEVTA graduates are comparatively ahead of STEVTA graduates in terms of employment preparedness, income generation, employer satisfaction, and job retention, though the difference is marginal. Further, thematic analysis highlighted the significance of curriculum relevance, practical training, and employer engagement in enhancing workforce integration. By providing empirically supported information about provincial variation and the variables influencing vocational graduates' success, this study fills a significant gap in the literature on TVET in South Asia. Based on the study findings. policy makers are advised to provide competency-based training, integrate apprenticeship programs, strengthen industry ties, and regularly update curricula to increase the employability and economic opportunities of TVET graduates.